ITALY. 



449 



<Dem.), 18,153, George R. Struble (Rep.), 17,860; 

 Sixth District, Frederick E. White (Dem.), 17,- 

 092), John F. Lacey (Rep.), 16,570, Perry Engle 

 (Union Labor), 1,048 ; Seventh District, John A. 

 T. Hull (Rep.), 16,821. H. C. Hargis (Dem.), 14,- 

 276) Eighth District, James P. Flick (Rep.), 19,- 

 003, A. R. Anderson (Dern.), 18.887 ; Ninth Dis- 

 trict, Thomas Bowman (Dem.), 18,635, Joseph R. 

 Reed (Rep.), 17,322, N. H. Bowman (Union La- 

 bor). 1,243 ; Tenth District, Jonathan P. Dolliver 

 (Rep.), 18,395, I. L. Woods (Dern.), 17,084; Elev- 

 enth District, George D. Perkins (Rep.), 15,972, 

 P. P. Allison (Dem.), 15,065, A. Westfall (Farm- 

 ers' Alliance), 4,658. In the Seventh District 

 E. R. Hays (Rep.), was elected over J. H. Bar- 

 nett (Dem.), to fill a vacancy for the remainder 

 of the present Congress. 



ITALY, a constitutional monarchy in southern 

 Europe. The Parliament consists of a Senate 

 .and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senators, who 

 .are nominated by the King for life, are chosen 

 from among ex-officials of high rank, eminent 

 men in professional, scientific, or literary life, 

 .and men of fortune who pay 3,000 lire in taxes 

 annually. Princes of the royal house are Sena- 

 tors by virtue of their birth. The Chamber 

 consists of 508 Deputies, or one to every 57,000 

 of population, who are elected on collective tick- 

 ets of 2 or 3 for each district, by the ballots of 

 .all male citizens that are twenty-one years of age, 

 pay 20 lire in taxes, and can read and write. 

 Members of acadainies and other classes of people 

 of intellectual standing, as well as all persons 

 who have served two years in the army, are en- 

 titled to vote irrespective of the property and 

 educational qualifications. Salaried Priests are 

 legally incompetent to sit in tht Chamber, and 

 of functionaries of the Government and military 

 and naval officers the number must not exceed 

 40. The duration of Parliament is five years ; 

 but the King has power to dissolve the Chamber 

 .at any time, in which event he is bound to order 

 new elections and convene the new Chamber 

 within four months. 



The reigning sovereign is Umberto I, the 

 eldest son of the late King Vittorio Emanuele. 

 He was born on March 14, 1844, and succeeded 

 his father on Jan. 9, 1878. 



The President of the Council of Ministers is 

 Francesco Crispi, appointed July 29, 1887. The 

 ministry, as reconstituted in March, 1889, was 

 composed of the following members in the begin- 

 ning of 1890 : Minister of the Interior and 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs ad interim^ Fran- 

 cesco Crispi ; Minister of Finance, Federico 

 Seismit Doda; Minister of the Treasury, Gio- 

 vanni Giolitti ; Minister of Justice and Grace 

 and of Worship, Giuseppe Zanardelli ; Minister 

 of War, Gen. Ettore Bertole Viale ; Minister of 

 Marine, Benedetto Brin ; Minister of Commerce, 

 Industry, and Agriculture, Luigi Micele ; Minis- 

 ter of Public Instruction, Paolo Boselli ; Minis- 

 ter of Public Works, Gaspare Finale ; Minister 

 of Posts and Telegraphs, Pietro Lacara. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 kingdom is 296,323 square kilometres or 114,410 

 square miles. The population was officially esti- 

 mated from the census of 1881 and the annual 

 returns of births and deaths to be 30,947,306 on 

 -Jan. 1, 1890. The number of marriages in 1889 

 was 229,994 ; of births, 1,191,807 ; of deaths, 809- 

 VOL. xxx. 29 A 



689; excess of births, 382,118. The number of 

 emigrants in 1889 was 218,412, of whom 92,631 

 went to other countries in Europe ; 25,881 to the 

 United States, 75,058 to the Argentine Republic, 

 18,365 to Brazil and other countries in South and 

 Central America and to Mexico, 3,877 to South 

 America without declaring their destination, and 

 the^rest mainly to northern Africa. 



The estimated population of the principal cities 

 at the end of 1889 was as follows : Naples, 517,- 

 000 ; Milan, 420,000 ; Rome, 415,000 ; Turin, 312,- 

 000 ; Palermo, 267,000 ; Genoa, 210,000 ; Florence, 

 185,000; Venice, 152,000; Messina, 140,000 ; Bo- 

 logna, 138,000; Catania, 116,000. 



Education. The state pays in . part the ex- 

 penses of the schools of all kinds, not only ele- 

 mentary but. classical, scientific, professional, 

 technical, industrial, and art schools, many of 

 which are wholly supported by the Government, 

 which appropriated over 42.000,000 lire for edu- 

 cation in 1890. Teachers in all public schools 

 maintained by the Government, by the com- 

 munes, or by any public body, must have the 

 qualifications prescribed by law, and no private 

 individual can establish a school without having 

 obtained the authorization of the state educa- 

 tional authorities. Elementary education is com- 

 pulsory for children between the ages of six and 

 nine. Every commune must have a boys' and a 

 girls' school, and for every 70 pupils there must 

 be a teacher. Communes of over 4,000 popula- 

 tion must maintain elementary schools of the 

 higher grade. The poorer communes are aided 

 by loans or subsidies from the Government. The 

 universities are supported by their endowments 

 and by Government grants Higher special 

 schools are maintained from state, provincial, 

 and communal revenues. 



In twenty-four years the increase in school 

 attendance fn proportion to population has been 

 90 per cent., and in 1887 the percentage of illit- 

 eracy had declined in twenty-one years among 

 conscripts from 64 to 45 per cent., and among 

 bridal couples from 60 to 42 per cent, for 

 males and from 79 to 63 per cent, for females. 

 In 1886 in the 8,000 communes, there were 43,- 

 407 regular primary schools with 44,383 teachers 

 and 1,087,605 male and 911,119 female pupils. 

 In 1887 the number of normal schools was 133, 

 with 10,542 pupils ; of lyceums, 326. with 13,865 

 pupils ; of gymnasia, 735, with 49,080 pupils ; of 

 technical institutes, 74, with 6,641 pupils; of 

 technical schools, 419, with 28,786 pupils. In 

 the 21 universities there were 991 teachers and 

 15,541 students. The higher education has been 

 reformed more than once since Italian unity was 

 achieved. The system of elementary education 

 has till now been governed by the law of Nov. 

 13, 1859, which was a remarkably progressive 

 measure for the time, but in the light of later ad- 

 vancement is imperfect and capable of improve- 

 ment in many points. It was first extended over 

 the whole kingdom by the act of July 15, 1877. In 

 February, 1890, the Minister of Education, avail- 

 ing himself of the studies and investigations of 

 his predecessors, introduced in Parliament new 

 regulations for primary education, the design 

 of which is to take the 'schools partly out of the 

 hands of the communes, and bring them more 

 under the control and direction of the National 

 Government, Towns of less than 10,000 inhabit- 



