586 



NETHERLANDS. 



against 19,192 in 1887 and 11,924 in 1886. The 

 emigrants of Dutch nationality numbered 3,729 

 in 1884, 2,121 in 1885, 2,002 in 1886, 5,018 in 1887, 

 and 4,298 in 1888, nearly all of whom went to 

 the United States. The city of Amsterdam on 

 Dec. 31, 1889, had 406,316 inhabitants ; Rotter- 

 dam, 203,472 ; the Hague, 156,497 ; Utrecht, 85,- 

 253 ; Groningen, 55,215 ; Haarlem, 52,155. 



Finances. The total revenue is estimated in 

 the budget for 1890 at 122,209,900 guilders (1 

 guilder equals 40 cents), of which 27,589,250 

 guilders are derived from direct taxation, 43,- 

 485,000 guilders from excise, 23,450,500 guilders 

 from stamps, registration, succession duties, etc., 

 5,110,500 guilders from customs, 6,650,000 guild- 

 ers from postal receipts, 2,900,000 guilders from 

 railroads, 2,750,000 guilders from domains, 1,350,- 

 000 guilders from pilot dues, 1,265,000 from tel- 

 egraphs, 661,500 guilders from the public lot- 

 tery, and 6,998,150 guilders from other sources. 

 The total expenditures are estimated at 134,648,- 

 825 guilders, apportioned as follow : Royal house- 

 hold, 650,000 guilders ; Cabinet and Legislature, 

 640,794 guilders ; foreign affairs, 731,369 guild- 

 ers; Justice, 5,173,623 guilders; Interior, 10,- 

 357,971 guilders; marine, 13,981,237 guilders; 

 war, 20,737,165 guilders; public debt, 33,445,- 

 100 guilders; finance, 7,849,132 guilders; loss 

 on nominal value of old silver money, 5,000,000 

 guilders ; payment to communes as indemnifica- 

 tion for the suppression of octrois, 8,572,000 

 guilders; worship, 1,975,462 guilders; central 

 administration of colonies, 1,351,476 guilders; 

 Waterstaat Commerce and Industry, 22,050,296 

 guilders ; railroads, 2,082,200 guilders ; unfore- 

 seen expenses, 50,000 guilders. 



The public debt in 1890 consisted of 611,779,- 

 200 guilders of 2^-per-cent, bonds, 90,299,150 

 guilders paying 3 per cent., 6,167,000 guilders of 

 3|-per-cent. sinking-fund bonds, and 342,008,900 

 guilders of new 3|-per-cent. stock issued under 

 the law of May 9, 1886, to take up the 4-per- 

 cent, debt, making in all 1,050,254,250 guilders. 

 The paper money in circulation is 15,000,000 

 guilders. The interest in 1890 amounted to 30,- 

 372,390 guilders, and redemptions to 2,472,700. 

 A new loan is to be raised to cover deficits of 

 recent years amounting to 36,500,000 guilders, 

 due mainly to purchases of railroads and the 

 abolition of tolls on the Amsterdam canal. The 

 demonetization of silver has been deferred. 



The Army and Navy. The period of service 

 in the regular army is fixed at five years. The 

 actual custom is to give leave of absence to 

 conscripts after twelve months of service with 

 the colors, only six weeks' annual drill being 

 required for the other four years. Substitution 

 is practiced on a large scale, and re-enlisted sol- 

 diers are the valuable element in the army. From 

 the age of twenty-five every citizen is enrolled for 

 ten years in the Schutteryen or civic guard, and 

 up to the age of fifty he is liable to duty if a 

 general levy is called out. The European army 

 in 1890 had 1,060 officers and 42,908 men in the 

 infantry, 143 officers and 3,988 men in the cav- 

 alry, 503 officers and 13,939 men in the artillery, 

 and 98 officers and 1,614 men in the engineers, 

 making, with 17 officers and 79 men in the re- 

 cruiting camp for colonial troops and 14 officers 

 and 564 men in the mounted police, a total force 

 of 2,364 officers and 63,485 men, or 65,849 alto- 



gether. Adding 41,403 men forming 212 com- 

 panies of active Schutteryen and 77,650 men 

 forming 89 battalions of sedentary Schutteryen, 

 the war strength of the Dutch army is 184^902 

 men without counting the Landstorm nor the 

 rifle societies. 



The naval force in July, 1890, comprised 6 

 ram-bowed turret ships, 2 first-class and 5 sec- 

 ond-class monitors, and 5 armor-clad vessels for 

 river defense, besides 27 cruisers of various classes, 

 7 side-wheeled steamers, 31 gunboats, 36 tor- 

 pedo boats, 5 stationary vessels. 15 school ships, 

 and 6 other vessels. The personnel in 1890 com- 

 prised 860 officers and employes and 7,156 sail- 

 ors, without counting 2,911 men in the naval 

 militia and 895 native sailors in the service of 

 Netherlands India. The marine infantry num- 

 bered 55 officers and 2,085 men. 



The deferred project of reorganizing the army 

 and navy on the German model, which was 

 adopted in principle as early as 1881, but has 

 not been carried out in many essential particu- 

 lars, was submitted for the action of the Cham- 

 bers in a bill offered by the Government on June 

 30, 1890, the discussion of which was not finished 

 in the session. By this measure the army will 

 consist of 115,000 men, with a reserve of 50,000. 

 Personal service will be obligatory. The total 

 period of service will be eleven years for the 

 navy and thirteen years for the army. The 

 Landstorm will embrace all able-bodied male cit- 

 izens under the age of forty from the conclusion 

 of the five years of service in the active army, 

 five in the reserve, and five in the Landwehr. The 

 measure will add 1,322,500 guilders a year to the 

 war budget and will give 9 new battalions to 

 the standing army. 



Commerce. The total value of imports of 

 merchandise for domestic consumption in 1889 

 was 1,241,100,000 guilders. Articles of food and 

 drink were imported to the amount of 370,500,- 

 000 guilders; raw materials, 306,500,000 guild- 

 ers; manufactures, 185,300,000 guilders ; miscel- 

 laneous merchandise, 378,800,000 guilders. The 

 total value of exports of domestic produce and 

 manufactures was 1,078,600,000 guilders. Of 

 this amount, 339,800,000 guilders represent ar- 

 ticles of food and drink, 190,400,000 guilders 

 raw materials, 181,900,000 guilders manufactured 

 articles, and 366,500,000 guilders miscellaneous 

 commodities. The imports of precious metals 

 were 4,200,000 guilders, and the exports 15,500,- 

 000 guilders, making the total special imports 

 1,245,300,000 and the exports 1,094,100,000 guild- 

 ers. Of the imports 297,400,000 guilders came 

 from Great Britain, 269,600,000 guilders from 

 Germany, 176,600,000 guilders from Belgium, 

 142,600,000 guilders from the Dutch East Indies, 

 112,700,000 guilders from Russia, 76,000.000 

 guilders from the United States, 29,800,000 

 guilders from British India, 24,000,000 guilders 

 from Roumania, 22,500,000 guilders from France, 

 19,900,000 guilders from Spain, 17,400,000 guild- 

 ers from Peru and Bolivia, and 14,400,000 guild- 

 ers from Sweden and Norway. Of the total ex- 

 ports, 511,100,000 guilders were shipped to Ger- 

 many, 284,700,000 guilders to England, 140,- 

 100,000 guilders to Belgium, 69,100,000 guilders 

 to Dutch India, 22,200,000 guilders to the United 

 States, 11,300,000 guilders to Sweden and Nor- 

 way, and 10,900,000 guilders to France. 



