OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (AUGUSTA BAINES.) 



673 



1861, when he was chosen its president. Retiring 

 when Count Belcredi succeeded Schmerling as Aus- 

 trian Prime Minister, he returned to preside over its 

 deliberations again for a short time after the fall of 

 the Belcredi ministry, till he was called, on Dec. 30, 

 1867, to the head of the so-called bourgeois ministry, 

 which included among its members Count Taafe and 

 the leaders of the Constitutional party in the Aus- 

 trian House of Deputies. Prince Auersperg was 

 accused of time-serving opportunism by his enemies, 

 because he took office on the dualistic reorganization 

 of the empire, after having obstinately contended 

 with Schmerling against the Hungarian demands. 

 " The Austrian patriot must henceforth have a divided 

 heart," he had said at the opening of the Bohemian 

 Upper Chamber, and after he. became minister his 

 phrase was that ' union must be sacrificed to preserve 

 unity." As President of the Burgerministerium he 

 came into conflict with his colleagues, who were in 

 haste to carry out the liberal ideas of the new system, 

 which the old Centralist, who never was able to rec- 

 ognize the political capabilities of the Hungarians, 

 and contemned them as an inferior race, was slow to 

 accept. He objected also to Count Beust's constant 

 interference in internal politics, and when, in 1868, 

 the head of the Common Ministry negotiated with 

 the Czech leaders to induce them to enter the Aus- 

 trian Parliament, Auersperg took the opportunity to 

 resign. When constitutional principles seemed for a 

 time to triumph again, instead of returning as chief 

 of the Austrian Cabinet, he put forward his brother 

 Adolf for the place. As chief marshal of the prov- 

 ince, he presided over the sittings of the Bohemian 

 Diet from 1882 till it was dissolved in 1884. 



Augusta, Dowager. German Empress, born in Wei- 

 mar, Sept. 30, 1811 ; died in Berlin, Jan. 7. 1890. 

 She was a daughter of Duke Karl Friedrich of Saxe- 

 Weimar and his wife, Maria Paulovna, Grand Duchess 

 of Russia. Her childhood and early youth were passed 

 amid the literary influences that made the court 

 of her grandfather, Karl August, friend of Goethe and 

 patron of Schiller, Wieland, and Herder, the nursery 

 of modern German poetry. Her elder sister, Marie, 

 became the wife ot the third son of King Friedrich 

 Wilhelm III of Prussia in 1827, and in February, 

 1829, she was betrothed, and on June 11 wedded to 

 the elder brother, Prince Wilhelm, then thirty years of 

 age. The favorite granddaughter of the princely 

 Maecenas of German literature, she had received the 

 special attention of the aged Goethe and of the con- 

 stellation of bright spirits at Weimar, and brought 

 to Berlin literary tastes and intellectual sympathies 

 that were further nurtured and developed by her 

 intercourse with Alexander von Humboldt and Fried- 

 rich von Raumer. Her intellectuality and refined 

 aesthetic tastes were not shared by her martial hus- 

 band, and even the uncommon beauty that she pos- 

 sessed in her youth failed to win his affections, for 

 they had been drawn elsewhere before he met^ the 

 young princess. Their relations therefore remained 

 always very cold, and except in her literary pastimes, 

 taste for art, works of charity, and the introduction 

 of more correct and dignified manners at court, the 

 Queen had small room for the exercise of her active 

 brain, and none at all for the satisfaction of her polit- 

 ical leanings toward free institutions springing from 

 the recollection that her grandfather was the first 

 German prince to grant a constitution to his subjects, 

 and fostered by contact with the English court when 

 the Prince of Prussia was a fugitive from his country 

 after the uprising of 1848. Her influence probably 

 had some effect on his action in granting the consti- 

 tution that his brother would never have signed. 

 Queen Augusta in early life was a musician and the 

 composer of marches and of " The Masquerade," a 

 ballet that has often been given in the opera house. 

 She was also an amateur artist, and made the draw- 

 ings of ' Wartburg- Blatter " C1363), " Rheinanlagen 

 bei Coblenz" (1865), and, with her daughter, those 

 of a book on the ornamentation of Lutheran church 

 architecture. She was much interested in encouraging . 

 VOL. xxx. 43 A 



and following the results of scientific progress, but 

 for the last twenty years of her life she gave her 

 mind entirely to benevolent schemes, founding hos- 

 pitals, training-schools, people's kitchens, and other 

 establishments for the benefit of the lower classes. 

 She was the founder of the German Women's Bed 

 Cross Guild in 1870. She always took a strong in- 

 terest in the theory of education, and gave much 

 thought and labor to forming the minds of her chil- 

 dren, the Crown-Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, who be- 

 came the Emperor Friedrich, and his sister, seven 

 years his junior, the present Grand Duchess of Baden. 

 Baccariui, Alfredo, an Italian statesman, born in the 

 Romagna in 1826 ; died in Rome in the beginning of 

 October, 1890. He took part in the struggle for free- 

 dom and national independence in 1848, fighting at 

 Treviso, Vicenza, and Bologna, and when the cause 

 was lost he went back to his province to settle down 

 to the practice of his profession, having studied en- 

 gineering ; but the authorities would not permit him 

 to take his diploma, and did not withdraw their ob- 

 jections till he had given undeniable proofs of his 

 ability while serving for four years in a subordinate 

 capacity. When the national contest was renewed, 

 be was one of the deepest and most ardent and untir- 

 ing of the conspirators, and after the Papal and foreign 

 dominion was overthrown, he bore a conspicuous part 

 in the political organization of the Romagna, directed 

 important works of engineering in that province and 

 in the Maremme of Tuscany, held office in the local 

 administration, was pro-syndic of Ravenna, and, after 

 twice being elected to the Chamber and unseated on 

 account of his official posts, he was finally admitted to 

 Parliament, in which he afterward represented Ra- 

 venna continuously. In 1876 he was appointed Un- 

 der Secretary of Public Works in the ministry of 

 Depretis, but could not agree with his chief, and soon 

 retired. Cairoli in 1 878 called him to the head of this 

 department of the Government, and for five years 

 he was minister under a succession of governments. 

 He contended against the policy of Depretis, who re- 

 fused to act with the Lett alone, and when that saga- 

 cious minister obtained a strong coalition majority, 

 Baccarini, who had been the most uncompromising 

 of the new departure, left the ministry ? and ranged 

 himself in Opposition with other Radical leaders, 

 forming one of the so-called Pentarchy, of which 

 Crispi, Cairoli, Nicotera, and Zanardelli were the 

 other members. When Crispi finally entered the 

 ministry and, on the death of Depretis, succeeded to 

 the premiership, Baccarini maintained his independ- 

 ent and unyielding attitude, still clinging to the 

 hope of forming a Government of the pure Left. 

 Although he had long ceased to play a prominent 

 part in politics, his name and fame were always fresh 

 in the public mind, and when his life was ebbing 

 away the whole Italian nation watched anxiously the 

 fate of the political philosopher and champion of 

 liberty whose civic virtue, moral courage, and amia- 

 bility of character commanded universal lespect. 



Baines, Sir Edward, an English politician, born on 

 May 28, 1800 ; died near Leeds, March 2, 1890. He 

 was educated at the Dissenters' Grammar School in 

 Manchester, became a reporter on his father's paper, 

 the Leeds " Mercury," at the age of fifteen, interested 

 himself in educational and social questions, took a 

 leading part in the formation in his native town of the 

 Literary and Philosophical Society and of the pioneer 

 Mechanics' Institute in Yorkshire", and was a promi- 

 nent advocate of the abolition of slavery, parliament- 

 ary and municipal reform, religious equality, the re- 

 peal of the corn laws, the revision of the criminal 

 laws, and especiallv of the cause of temperance among 

 the masses. On the death of his brother, Matthew 

 Talbot Baines, in 1859, he was elected to represent 

 Leeds in Parliament. He was a member of the com- 

 mission to inquire into the school system in 1865-'68, 

 and a warm supporter of the school act of 1870, and 

 as a representative Dissenter he energetically opposed 

 church rates and religious tests in the universities and 

 worked for the bill to disestablish the Church in Ire- 



