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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (CHADWICK CHURCH.) 



provisions of the reform bill by which Disraeli out- 

 bid the Liberals and transformed the Constitution into 

 a democracy. In 1874 Lord Carnarvon accepted his 

 old post from Mr. Disraeli on the understanding that 

 he should be allowed to carry out in South Africa the 

 policy that had proved successful in Canada. The 

 scheme of South Africa was pushed by the Secretary 

 of State and in Africa by Sir Bartle I rere in a man- 

 ner that caused great irritation and a disturbance in 

 political relations that led to the Zulu and Transvaal 

 wars ; but before the war in Zululand opened Lord 

 Carnarvon had left the Cabinet, having resigned on 

 Jan. 24, 1878, because he disapproved another of 

 Lord Beaconsfleld's theatrical strokes, the sending of 

 the British fleet to the Dardanelles. He remained 

 out of office till June, 1885, when he joined Lord 

 Salisbury's short-lived ministry as Lord Lieutenant 

 of Ireland, with a seat in the Cabinet, and again re- 

 tired before the resignation of the Government after 

 holding the famous negotiations with Mr. Parnell, in 

 which, according to the version of the latter, he agreed 

 to secure to Ireland a parliament in fact ana in name. 

 Lord Carnarvon was a man of scholarly tastes and 

 varied accomplishments and a frequent contributor to 

 the press. From 1878 till 1885 he was President of 

 the Society of Antiquaries. He was a traveler in his 

 early life, and in 1860 published a book on u The 

 Druses of the Lebanon." Journals of a visit to 

 Greece, left by his father, who had been also a man 

 of elegant culture, were edited by him in 1869. He 

 wrote a biographical sketch of Dean Mansel in 1875, 

 made a metrical translation of the " Agamemnon" in 

 1875, published some years later one of the " Odys- 

 sey," ttnd in 1889 edited Lord Chesterfield's " Let- 

 ters to his Godson," which his connection with the 

 Chesterfield family through his first wife, Lady Eve- 

 lyn Stanhope, had enabled him to discover. He pub- 

 lished also a book on the archaeology of Berkshire 

 and Hampshire. 



Chadwick, Sir Edwin, an English sanitary reformer, 

 born near Rochdale in 1800 ; died in East Sheen, July 

 5, 1890. He studied for the bar in London, support- 

 ing himself by writing for the newspapers. Essays 

 on life insurance and preventive police attracted the 

 attention of the Mills and Jeremy Bentham. He be- 

 came a poor-law commissioner in 1833, and introduced 

 sweeping changes in the system. He was a member 

 of the commission to investigate the condition of fac- 

 tory children, and had the largest share in drawing up 

 the report that served as the basis of the ten hours' 

 law. He became secretary of the new Poor Law 

 Board in 1834 and shaped its policy. Against relief to 

 persons physically capable of laboring he firmly set 

 his face. At his suggestion, the first sanitary commis- 

 .sion was appointed in 1838 and the registrar-gen- 

 eral's office was created. His arguments on the pre- 

 vention of disease, re-enforced by the mortality sta- 

 tistics, led to the appointment in 1844 of a second 

 sanitary commission charged with a general investiga- 

 tion into the national health and the means of im- 

 proving it. Differences between him and his col- 

 leagues resulted in the discharge of the poor-law com- 

 missioners in 1846, and henceforth he gave his whole 

 attention to sanitation. He was nominated one of the 

 permanent commissioners on the Board of Health when 

 it was created in 1848. 



Charpentier, Louis Eugene, a French painter, born in 

 1810; died in Paris, Dec. 17, 1890. He studied with 

 his father, who was himself the son of an artist, and 

 afterward with Baron Gerard and Leon Coquiet, and 

 soon made a reputation by his military scenes. He 

 was successful also with genre and historical subjects, 

 painted several portraits for the Versailles Gallery, 

 and illustrated a " History of the Consulate and the 

 Empire." For more than twenty -five years he was 

 Professor of Drawing at the Lycde in Versailles. 

 Among his paintings are : "Bivouac de cuirassiers" 

 (1831); " Rupture 'd'un dique hollandaise" (1839); 

 'Robert le Diable " (1842); "Prise de la redouble 

 a Moskowa" (1843); " Le Due d'Orleans au si<kre 

 d' Anvers " (1845) ; " Beaumarchais donnant des 



lecjons de musique aux filles de Louis XV" (1848); 

 "Battaille de Tcherniaa" (1857); "Camp de Cha- 

 lons" (1859); ''-En route pour Valmy " (1869); 

 " Manoeuvres d'automne" (1876) ; and u Retourd'ln- 

 kerman" (1878). 



Chatrian, Alexandra, a French novelist, born in Sol- 

 datenthal, Lorraine, in 1826 ; died in Villercomble, 

 near Paris, Sept. 4, Ib90. He was educated at Pfals- 

 burg College ; entered the employ of a firm of glass- 

 blowers in Belgium, his family having been in the 

 same business ; returned to his college as a teacher, 

 thinking it better for his prospects in the literary ca- 

 reer that he dreamed of, and, finding a young towns- 

 man who nursed a similar ambition, he began to 

 write stories with him for the local papers. Chatrian 

 became a clerk and eventually cashier in the Eastern 

 Railway offices, but continued his literary partnership 

 with Erckmann. They wrote a play called " Alsace 

 en 1814," which for political reasons was forbidden 

 by the Prefect of Strasbunr, where it was placed on 

 the stage in 1848. "L'lllustre Docteur Matheus " 

 (1853) spread their reputation beyond Alsace-Lor- 

 raine. They wrote other stories in rapid succession, 

 dealing mostly with Alsatian life, and afterward some 

 tales of the time of the revolution and the first em- 

 pire that were too pacific in tone to please the author- 

 ities. The last of these was " Waterloo." When the 

 war broke out their writings reflected French senti- 

 ment, and after the German annexation of Alsace- 

 Lorraine Erckmann remained in Pfalsburg and ac- 

 cepted German rule, but did not sever his partnership 

 with Chatrian, who went to Paris. Their play of 

 "Alsace" was prohibited on account of its violent 

 anti-German sentiment. " Les Rantzau" and a dram- 

 atization of their story of "L'Aini Fritz" were 

 very successful. They produced no more works to- 

 gether, but fell into a dispute regarding the division 

 of the profits, Chatrian, whose mental faculties were 

 impaired, having been induced by his family to ac- 

 cuse his partner of unfair dealing, on which Erck- 

 mann brought a suit, and proved that the larger share 

 of the literarv work was his. 



Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier, a Canadian states- 

 man, born in Quebec, May 30, 1820 ; died there, April 

 4, 1890. He was educated at the seminary of Quebec, 

 was called to the bar in 1841, and in 1843 entered 

 Parliament as a representative of the Reform party for 

 the County of Quebec. He became Solicitor-General 

 of Lower Canada in 1851, Provisirnal Secretary and a 

 member of the Executive Council in 1 853, and Superin- 

 tendent of Kducation for the province in 1855. After 

 the act of confederation he represented the county 

 in the Dominion Parliament while retaining his seat 

 in the Provincial Assembly and filling the post of 

 Premier of Quebec from 1867 till 1873. In 1873-'74 

 he was President of the Senate. He became in 1878 

 Professor of Civil Law in Laval University, of which 

 he was made dean. Besides some published poems, he 

 wrote a novel of Canadian manners, called " Charles 

 Guerin " (1852;, "L'lnstruction publique en Cana- 

 da" (1876), and "Francois X. Garneau, sa vie et ses 

 ceuvres" (1883). 



Church, Bichard William, an English clerirvman, born 

 in Lisbon, April 25, 1815 ; died in Dover, l)ec. 9,1890. 

 He was the son of a merchant and nephew of Sir 

 Richard Church, who led the Greeks in the war for 

 independence. He was brought up in Italy till his 

 family removed to England after his father's death in 

 1828. In 1836 he won a first-class in classical studies 

 at Oxford, and in 1^38 was chosen a fellow of Oriel 

 College, where he formed a life-long friendship with 

 John Henry Newman, whom he followed to the time 

 of his conversion to the Catholic Church. He was a 

 tutor in the college and a frequent contributor to 

 the "British Critic" and the "Christian Remem- 

 brancer" on subjects connected with religious history. 

 These papers were subsequently collected in a vol- 

 ume of "Essays and Reviews" (1853). When the 

 " Guardian " was founded to advocate a middle course 

 after the secession of Newman, he became one of the 

 principal writers in its columns, and later he scntarti- 



