G88 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (SALAMANCA SCHLIEMANN.) 



and Armellini were the other members. When 

 French troops occupied Rome, Saffi and other revo- 

 lutionary leaders fled to Switzerland and later took 

 refuse in England. Saffi and Mazzini from their 

 foreign home continued to inspire their countrymen 

 with the love of freedom, and in I860 they returned 

 to Italy, and Saffi was elected to Parliament. As a 

 member of a commission to examine into the lawless 

 conditions of Basilicata, Otranto, and other provinces, 

 he was instrumental in inducing the local ^authorities 

 and private persons to organize and combine for the 

 suppression of briganda-ge. He retained his seat three 

 years, and then resigned because he could not coun- 

 tenance the definite acceptance of monarchical institu- 

 tions. He was a count by birth, but discarded the 

 title in youth. Deputations from every town in Italy 

 were present at his obsequies. 



Salamanca, Lieutenant-General, Captain-General of 

 Cuba, born about 1820 ; died in Havana, Feb. 6, 1890. 

 He was a representative of the ancient nobility of 

 Castile, a grandee of the first class. He was a junior 

 officer in the force sent to Italy under Gen. Cordoba 

 to defend the temporal power of the Pope. He took 

 a decided stand in support of the monarchical consti- 

 tution in Spain, and displayed strategical abilities of 

 a high order in the campaigns against the Carlists, ris- 

 ing by rapid stages to the highest rank in the army. 

 As Governor of Malaga he wrested from the Carlists 

 the key to their position on the Elbro by a hazardous 

 but successful manoeuvre, and, engaging them at a 

 disadvantage, compelled a hasty retreat. Being un- 

 able to obtain re-enforcements from Gen. Martinez 

 Campos, he held his position and sent a part of his 

 own force to aid the commanding general in his oper- 

 ations. Some time afterward he took a force to the 

 relief of Tortosa on a train driven at full speed over 

 a dilapidated and abandoned railroad track, through 

 a country full of hostile guerrilleros. When the 

 Carlists were finally defeated, Gen. Salamanca, who 

 had earned the chief credit, became a prominent 

 figure in politics. He was elected to the Cortes, and 

 subsequently was made a Senator for life. He took a 

 deep interest in military legislation, securing improve- 

 ments in the barracks, the introduction of ambu- 

 lances, and other reforms. The revelations of incom- 

 petency, oppression, and corruption in the adminis- 

 tration of Cuba resulted in the appointment of the 

 general to the captain-generalship. He planned a sys- 

 tem of military rouds that would enable the Spanish 

 troops to keep the greater part of the island under con- 

 trol, but died before the work was well begun. 



ScMiemann, Heinrich, a German archaeologist, born in 

 Kalkhorst, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1822 ; died in 

 Naples, Italy, Dec. 26, 1890. He was the son of a 

 poor Lutheran pastor, and was intended for a uni- 

 versity career, but stress of family circumstances 

 prevented the plan being carried out. He was taught 

 the groundwork of Latin and Greek at home, and 

 from an early- age showed a passionate enthusiasm 

 for the stories and legends connected Avith the 

 Homeric epos. In the autobiographical sketch pre- 

 fixed to his " Ilios" he says that even as a boy he was 

 certain that remains proving the credibility of the 

 Homeric poems could be found by digging at the 

 traditional site of Troy. As it became necessary that 

 youn^ Schliemanii should go to trade, he was ap- 

 prenticed to a grocer of Fiirstenberg at the age of 

 fourteen, and here he remained for five years. His 

 ambition, however, was not quenched, and he. devoted 

 every leisure moment of a working life to study and 

 the acquisition of languages, lie finally went to 

 Amsterdam, where he found employment in a large 

 mercantile house and the opportunity to gratify his 

 love of learning under better conditions. He had 

 now become familiar with seven foreign languages 

 English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian. Portuguese, 

 and Eussian and his knowledge of the latter-named 

 tongue caused him to be sent to St. Petersburg as mer- 

 cantile agent in 1846. He shortly afterward went 

 into business for himself and was very successful in 

 acquiring wealth at the Eussian capital. In 1854 he 



added Swedish and Polish to his trophies as a linguist, 

 and it is stated that in 1856 he mastered the mod- 

 ern Greek or Eomaic in six weeks with the assistance 

 of two friends from Athens; and that within three 

 months he had so pushed his acquaintance with an- 

 cient Greek as to read the wide range of the classic 

 writers with ease. Schliemacn now began to devote 

 himself almost exclusively to Greek scholarship, and 

 read and reread the '' Iliad " and " Odyssey" so often 

 that he knew them nearly by heart. He traveled exten- 

 sively in 1858-' 59 through Sweden, Denmark, Ger- 

 many, Italy, Egypt, and Syria, and added Arabic to 

 his store of tongues. On returning to St. Petersburg 

 to perfect himself in speaking Arabic, with a view to 

 the excavations in the Troad which he had in mind, 

 he read the "Arabian Nights" aloud, under the 

 tutelage of Arab professors, and prepared himself in 

 every way for his work. He retired definitely from 

 business in 1863, the possessor of a large fortune, and 

 again set out on a tour of travel and study. He vis- 

 ited northern Africa (including Egypt) and southern 

 Italy in the pursuit of arcliEeological knowledge, and 

 in 1864 he spent considerable time in Paris studying 

 universal history. In the latter part of the year he 

 began a journey around the world, which occupied two 

 years, and which he partly recorded in his " China 

 and Japan." During the winter of 1867-'68 he de- 

 voted himself zealously to the further study of history 

 and archaeology under the distinguished Buele, mem- 

 ber of the Institute, and formerly Minister of the In- 

 terior. The following year he published his " Ithaquc, 

 le Peloponnese, et Troie," giving an account of his 

 travels in 1868 in Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaca, the Pelo- 

 ponnesus, and the plain of Troy, with the results of 

 his studies of the Cyclopean remains of Argolis and of 

 the geography of the Troad. In the above journey he 

 partly followed the track of Ulysses and began" his 

 search for the site of Troy. The problem involved in 

 the site of Troy and the credibility of the Homeric 

 story, of which' Schliemann was a strict construction- 

 ist, may here be briefly stated. The consensus of Ho- 

 meric criticism has been against the original unity of 

 the " Iliad" and " Odvssey," and has resolved them 

 into a collection of ancient^patriotic legends which fi- 

 nally became crystallized, like the Arthurian myths 

 or the Nibelungerileid in after- times. The historic 

 fact involved in Homer's description of the siege 

 and destruction of Troy by the Greeks has also been 

 seriously discredited in pursuance of the same method 

 of criticism. It was Schliemann's hope to verity the 

 existence of such a city as that depicted in the u Iliad " 

 by excavation, and so to furnish exact proof of the 

 truth of Homer. The Ilium of history, known as the 

 New Ilium, as distinguished from the Ilium of tra- 

 dition, was founded about 100 B. o., and it had been 

 the popular belief of antiquity that this was built on 

 the ruins of the old citv, though many ancient 

 authorities rather declared for the " village of the 

 Ilians," a small town about three miles distant. The 

 opinion of most modern archaeologists and scholars 

 who accepted the reality of ancient Troy, however, 

 had settled on the village of Bunarbashu about five 

 miles south of New Ilium, as the site filling best the 

 conditions of the Homeric story. Excavation here re- 

 vealed no remains of an ancient town, and Schlie- 

 mann became convinced that the tomb of the ancient 

 city must be sought in the mound of Hissarlik, an 

 Arab villaore near the ruins of New Ilium. To this 

 spot, armed with a firman from the Porte, he returned 

 in 1 870, and at his own expense began to excavate, con- 

 ' tinuing the work with some interruptions for three 

 years/ In 1874 appeared " Trojanische Allerthiimer," 

 or " Troy and its Eemains," describing the results of 

 his work. He found traces of two cities and afterward 

 of three others : the upper one Greek, as was shown 

 from coins of the age of Constantine exhumed, and 

 about fifty feet below the surface he discovered the 

 ruins of an ancient and much older city with beautiful 

 pottery of archaic pattern , jewelry, etc. Here he claimed 

 to have found the ruined palace of Priam with its 

 abandoned treasure and a large number of helmeted 



