732 



PORTRAITS, CRAYON. 



an attachment that can be fastened to it where- 

 by the light is thrown on the photograph and 

 then reflected through the lenses on the crayon 

 strainer. While the image thus reflected on the 

 screen or crayon strainer does not equal in brill- 

 iance that of a transparent glass magic-lantern 

 view, yet it is brilliant enough for making crayon 

 outlines and for many other sources of enjoy- 

 ment or instruction, and it obviates the necessity 

 of having a glass transparency. 



Have a table 6 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 

 30 inches high. Fasten a stick 6 feet high, 1 

 inch wide, and inch thick perpendicularly 4 

 inches from the end of the table, one end resting 

 on the floor. This stick will reach 42 inches above 

 the table, allowing sufficient height for a 25 by 

 30 strainer. Stand the strainer with the back 

 toward the magic lantern, on the bottom edge, on 

 the table, against the stick, and at right 'angles 

 to the side of the table, and nail it fast to the stick 

 with two brads. Draw a vertical charcoal mark 

 on the back of the strainer through the center, and 

 a mark the proper distance from the top of the 

 strainer horizontally where the top of the head 



MAGIC LANTERN. 



is to come. The reason for placing the strainer 

 with the back toward the lantern is that the im- 

 age must show through the strainer, as the re- 

 flection causes the image to be reversed when 

 illuminated. Arrange the lantern according to 

 the directions furnished with it, and set it the 

 proper distance from the strainer to produce the 

 size of head desired, and parallel with the strain- 

 er ; then focus the features, using the charcoal 

 marks as a guide for the proper place to make 

 the head, the vertical line passing through the 

 center of the face. Then take a seat at the end 

 of the table and in front of the strainer, and 

 make a charcoal outline, and then fasten the 

 charcoal with the crayon. 



Transfer Outline. Have a photographic en- 

 largement made from the small picture ; it will 



only be necessary to have the head that is, an 11 

 by 14 enlargement will be large enough for a 25 

 by 30 crayon portrait, and this 11 by 14 enlarge- 

 ment will be good to work from in finishing the 

 crayon. Transfer paper is transparent, and is 

 made of fine tissue paper oiled with clarified lin- 

 seed oil and then hung up and dried. Lay a 

 piece of the transfer paper on the enlarged pho- 

 tograph, and go over the outline and features 

 with a soft lead pencil, and then turn the paper 

 and rub all over the back of it with charcoal ; 

 then lay it, charcoal side down, on the crayon 

 strainer, and with a sharp pencil go over the lines 

 first made; remove the paper, and you have a 

 charcoal outline. Fasten it with the" crayon. 



Positive or Negative Outline. Make a 

 positive or negative from the photograph to be 

 enlarged. Have a room that is entirely dark ex- 

 cepting one window. Have a dark inside shutter 

 for this window, with an opening in the center 

 large enough for the negative or positive you in- 

 tend to use. On each side of this opening and at 

 the bottom have cleats to slide the negative in. 

 Then remove the ground glass from your camera 

 box and fasten the box against the opening in 

 the shutter so that the lenses in the camera come 

 opposite the negative. Fasten it with four hooks 

 and eyes, or have cleats on the shutter. Have the 

 box come close against the shutter, so that the 

 light will be entirely excluded. Place the easel, 

 with the crayon strainer on, at the proper distance 

 from the window, to give the required size of the 

 enlargement, and focus the image on the crayon 

 strainer. The crayon strainer must stand at 'the 

 same angle as the shutter, or the enlargement 

 will be distorted. That is, if the shutter is per- 

 pendicular, then the strainer must be perpendicu- 

 lar. Now, go over the outlines and features, also 

 the principal shadows, with the charcoal. Then 

 open the shutter and examine the outline, for, 

 sometimes in making an outline in the dark, 

 some of the lines are overlooked. If that is the 

 case, close the shutter and put them in. Then 

 fasten the charcoal with the crayon. 



The Metroscope. The metroscope comprises 

 a series of squares engraved upon the finest plate 

 glass by machinery. The two 'plates of glass (of 

 which one form of the instrument consists) are 

 ruled for convenience, with squares differing in 

 size. These are framed and held together by 

 thumb-screws, allowing sufficient space between 

 them for a picture the size of a cabinet photo- 

 graph, which brings the lines in perfect contact 

 with all parts of the photograph, giving the ap- 

 pearance of lines drawn upon the photograph. 

 One feature of this instrument, which renders 

 the square system very practical, consists of the 

 division and subdivision of the squares by dotted 

 lines and dash lines. The eye naturally divides 

 a line or space into halves and quarters, and for 

 this reason the dash lines have been designated 

 for quartering the main lines, and the dotted lines 

 for quartering the squares thus formed. This 

 gives sixteen times as many squares for use as are 

 drawn upon the photograph. A method like that 

 just described, but without the aid of an instru- 

 ment, is to fasten a photograph or picture to be 

 enlarged on a board, and along each side and at 

 the top and bottom of the photograph divide the 

 space into -inch spaces ; then drive pins in each 

 of these division marks, and run white threads 



