733 



DARK CHAMBER. 



across vertically and horizontally from each pin 

 to the one opposite. If the enlargement is to be 

 six times, divide the sides and top and bottom 

 of the strainer into H-inch spaces, and drive 

 pins into these division-marks, and run the thread 

 across vertically and horizontally from each pin 

 to the one opposite, and then draw in the enlarge- 

 ment. Of course, this method will require some 

 knowledge of drawing. 



The Pantograph. This instrument for en- 

 larging or reducing a picture was invented about 

 the year 1603. It consists of four metallic or 

 wooden bars or rules, each one being perforated 

 with a series of holes, by which they are con- 

 nected by means of a thumb-screw. It is pro- 

 vided with a tracing and a marking point, and 

 a screw or point which is forced into the draw- 

 ing-board to hold the instrument in position. 

 They are usually numbered from one to twenty on 

 the four bars indicated. To use the instrument, 

 select the number desired and secure the panto- 

 graph to the drawing-board at the left-hand side. 

 Place a piece of manilla paper at the other end 

 of the board and secure it with thumb-tacks. 

 Place the photograph under the indicating point 

 in the center and secure it to the board. The in- 

 dicating point should always touch the photo- 

 graph. If it does riot, place a little weight on 

 the instrument over the point. Now, guide the 

 instrument by taking hold of the marking point, 

 and watch the tracing point. In this manner go 



over the entire photograph, putting in all the 

 outlines and details necessary, after which trans- 

 fer the outline from the manilla paper to the 

 crayon strainer, with the transfer paper. 



Backgrounds. Begin the crayon portrait by 

 putting in the background, using'one of the four 

 different methods given. No rule can be given 

 for the lights and shadows, as every portrait will 

 need a characteristic background adapted to the 

 subject. There should always be a nice contrast 

 of light and shade, having the light come against 

 the dark side of the face and dark against the 

 light side of the face, and generally a cast 

 shadow, and this shadow must not be placed too 

 near the head, as simplicity should be one of the 

 principles of the background, and this can only 

 be accomplished by breadth of light and shade. 

 Hence in placing the lights and shadows in the 

 background there should be a broad effect. 

 When the strainer is laid on the table and rubbed 

 with the cotton, first lay a piece of manilla paper 

 on the table, and after rubbing the cotton in the 

 crayon sauce rub it on the manilla paper to re- 

 move any foreign substance before rubbing it on 

 the crayon paper, and always take a good hand- 

 ful of cotton to rub in the background with. 

 The proper position to take in finishing a back- 

 ground is to place the strainer on the easel, with 

 the center of the picture on a level with the eyes 

 when standing, and then step back about six feet 

 and decide where you intend to place the lights. 



