PORTUGAL. 



737 



crayon. You are to mend or patch the crayon 

 at this stage, cut it up in the stipple effect that 

 is, there will be patches of light and dark places 

 that must be joined together, and there will be 

 small white and black places that will need to 

 be made the same as the white and black spots 

 that produce the stipple effect. Finish the 

 clothes by using the large stump in the darker 

 places and rubbing with the fingers, and with 

 the eraser and cotton in the lights. See " Crayon 

 Portraits, a Complete Treatise for making Crayon 

 Portraits on Crayon Paper, Platinum Enlarge- 

 ment, Silver Enlargement, and Bromide En- 

 largement," by Jerome A. Barhydt. 



PORTUGAL, a constitutional monarchy in 

 southwestern Europe. The reigning King, Carlos 

 I, born Sept. 28. 1863, succeeded to the throne 

 Oct. 19, 1889. The heir-apparent, Luis Philip, 

 Duke of Braganza, born March 21, 1887, is the 

 elder of two sons of the King and his wife, Ma- 

 rie Amelie, a daughter of the Comte de Paris. 

 He was formally recognized by the Cortes as suc- 

 cessor to the crown on June 14, 1890. 



In consequence of the British ultimatum (see 

 EAST AFRICA) the ministry of the Progressist 

 party that had been in office since Feb. 20, 1886, 

 resigned, and a new one was formed on Jan. 14, 

 1890, of which the following were the members : 

 President of the Council and Minister of the 

 Interior, Serpa Pimentel; Minister of Justice, 

 Lopo Vaz ; Minister of Public Works, Freder- 

 igo Aouca ; Minister of Finance, Franco Castello 

 Branco; Minister of Marine and the Colonies, 

 Arroyo ; Minister of War, Gen. Vasco Guedes ; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hintze Ribeiro. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 kingdom is 34,038 square miles, and the popula- 

 tion is about 5,180,000. Lisbon, the capital, has 

 242,297 inhabitants. The number of marriages 

 in 1886 was 33,727; of births, 155,815 ; of deaths, 

 99,389. The number of emigrants was 13,998, 

 as against 15,004 in 1885, 17,518 in 1884, and 19,- 

 251 in 1883. 



Finances. The budget for 1890-'91 makes 

 the total receipts 40,972,694 milreis, and the ex- 

 penditures 45,467,797 milreis. The new consoli- 

 dated debt on Dec. 31, 1889, amounted to 546,- 

 478,885 milreis. and the unfunded debt to 2,377,- 

 399 milreis. The amount of interest paid in 1889 

 was 17,730,807 milreis. 



The Arniy and Navy. Obligatory service 

 was introduced by the law of Sept. 12, 1887, the 

 period being three years with the colors or in 

 the navy, five years in the first reserve, and four 

 in the second. The peace effective of the army 

 on Aug. 31, 1889, was 2,302 officers and 32.450 

 men, with 3,580 horses and 781 mules. When 

 the new law comes into full operation there will 

 be of drilled and instructed troops about 100,000 

 in active service and in the first reserve and 50,- 

 000 in the second reserve. 



The navy in 1890 had 42 effective steamers 

 with 141 guns and 12 sailing vessels with 39 

 guns. 



Commerce. The special imports of merchan 



many, and over 10 per cent, from the United 

 States, while of the exports 32 per cent, went to 

 Great Britain, 21 per cent, to France, and 9 per 

 cent, to Brazil. The chief exports in 188!) 

 wine of the value of 12,408,000 miln-is; <-,,rk 

 2,912*000 milreis; copper, 1,000.000 miln-i> ; fish, 

 945.000 milreis; animals, 665,000 niiln-N : 

 366,000 milreis ; and salt, 285.000 rn ilreK 1 1 

 sequence of the popular indignation against Kng- 

 land, the imports from that country were replaced 

 in 1890 by the produce of other countries where- 

 ever it was possible. The figures for 1889 show an 

 increase in the export of port wine, cork, miner- 

 als, and salt, and a decrease in Madeira and the 

 ordinary red wine that, was formerly in demand 

 to supply the deficiency of the French vintages. 

 The value of the wines exported to Great Brit- 

 ain in 1889 was 4,134,000 milreis; to France. 

 3,126,000 milreis; to Brazil, 3,109,000 milreis; 

 to Germany, 854.000 milreis: to Portuguese col- 

 onies, 294,000 milreis. 



The number of steam vessels entered at the ports 

 of the kingdom in 1889 was 4,886, of 5,298,000 

 tons, the number of sailing vessels was 7,155, of 

 697,000 tons. The merchant marine in 1890 

 numbered 57 steamers, of 86,439 metric tons, 

 and 39.0 sail vessels, of 97,352 tons. 



Communications. The post-office in 1888 

 carried in the internal service 18,525,000 letters, 

 3,294,000 postal cards, 16,144,000 printed inclos- 

 ures, and 269,000 money letters, and in the inter- 

 national service, 4,315,000 letters, 126,000 postal 

 cards, 3,135,000 printed inclosures, and 33,000 

 money letters. 



There were 2,060 kilometres of completed rail- 

 roads on Jan. 1, 1890, and 411 kilometres in pro- 

 cess of construction. 



Colonial Possessions. The Portuguese col- 

 onies in Asia, comprising Goa. Damao, and Diu 

 in India, Timor and other islands in the Indian 

 archipelago, and Macao in the Sea of China, have 

 a total area of 7,923 square miles and 849,600 in- 

 habitants. The budget for Portuguese India 

 shows for 1890-'91 a surplus of 166,247 milreis, 

 the receipts being reckoned at 925,817, and the 

 expenses at 759,570 milreis. For Macao and 

 Timor the estimated receipts are 488,845 and ex- 

 penses 423,496 milreis, leaving a surplus of 65.- 

 349 milreis. The treaty by which China defi- 

 nitely ceded Macao to Portugal and formally re- 

 linquished all claims of sovereignty was ratified 

 at Tientsin on March 28, 1890. Revolutionary 

 disturbances broke out at Goa during the elec- 

 tions of 1890. 



The area of the Portuguese possessions in Af- 

 rica, including the islands of Madeira, San Thome, 

 and Principe, and the Cape Verd Islands was 

 612,217 square miles. In 1890 the regions con- 

 ceded to be Portuguese by Great Britain in the 

 Anglo-Portuguese Convention that the Cortes re- 

 fused to ratify was 774,993, the additions consist 

 ing of 160,000 square miles of Hinterland be- 

 tween Angola and the upper reaches of the Zam- 

 besi and the little district of Cabinda. As soon 

 as the treaty was signed the British proceeded t< 



tioinmerce. me special imports ^ ~~v "- . *i,,.A nnpn thp 



dise in 1889 were valued at 41,860,231 milreis; avail themselves of the ; clause throwing open the 

 of precious metals, 10,492,855 milreis; the ex- navigation of the Zambesi. The "II umber and 



ports of merchandise, 23,443,510 milreis ; of pre- 

 cious metals, 1,987,655 milreis. In 1888 30 per 

 cent, of the imports came from Great Britain, 12 

 per cent, from France, 11 per cent, from Ger- 

 VOL. xxx. 47 A 



the " Buccanneer," carrying the parts of two 

 light sternwheel gunboats especially built for 1 

 Zambesi, drawing only eighteen inches of water, 

 with men and stores for the boats when put t 



