STEAMERS, OCEAN, SPEED OF. 



787 



ippine Islands alone, with a superficies of 114,- 



326 square miles, was estimated in 1885 at 9,529,- 



841, though unofficial estimates place it as low as 



7,500,000. In the Sulu Islands, Spain has 950 



square miles of territory with about 75,000 in- The "'"London Tim,V of" June" 30," 819 "K 



habitants. The Marianne Islands are 420 square " Thr> ' Savannah ' ** ~,~.i J~L-!f_ *-*f 



wheels were frequently taken on deck durine 



bad weather; in fact, she used >t,. a i,, <,nlv IH 

 out of the 26 days. The log f th- >a \aruml, 

 is in the Smithsonian Institution. 



miles in extent, with 8,665 inhabitants ; the Caro- 

 line Islands and Palaos together have an area of 

 560 square miles, with 36,000 inhabitants. The 

 budget of receipts for the Philippine Islands in 

 1888 was 9,837,896 pesos, and the expenditures 

 11,201,810 pesos. The imports in 1887 amounted 

 to 17,530,296 pesos or dollars (the peso is worth 

 about 80 cents) and the exports to 25,254,140 pe- 

 sos. The most important exports are sugar, 

 Manilla hemp, tobacco and cigars, and coffee. 

 In May, 1890, the natives of the Caroline Islands 



, 



The 'Savannah,' steam vessel, recently arrived 

 at Liverpool from America, the fir.-t '. 

 the kind that ever crossed the Atlantic ws 

 chased a whole day off the coast of Ireland l,y 

 the ' Kite,' a revenue cruiser on the Cork slat i..ii. 

 which mistook her for a ship on fire." In i.vjs 

 the steamship "Curacoa" was built for the 

 Dutch trade between Amsterdam and the West 

 Indies. She was withdrawn after making sev- 

 eral voyages, and the-" Savannah " was with- 

 drawn after her first voyage, because of the small 

 gain in speed over the faster sailing boats, and 



attacked some Spanish soldiers in the woods, also because of the expense, wood being usW in 

 Spanish vessels shelled the village of Mutalani and the " Savannah " and soft coal in the ' Curacoa " 

 carried the fortifications defended by the natives, The cost of fuel prevented further progress until 

 who lost 150 men and killed or wnmulprl 9fi nf 1838, when the Great Western Railwfty Company 



of England, built the " Great Western." and 



who lost 150 men and killed or wounded 26 of 

 the landing-party. A determined attempt was 

 made to reduce the people of the island of Po- 

 napi to subjection. At Qua the church, schools, 

 and dwellings of the American missionaries were 

 destroyed by a bombardment. As some of the 

 native Christians had joined in the rebellion, the 

 Spanish officers formed the conclusion that the 

 presence of the Americans was a hindrance to 

 the conquest, and during the operations the 

 missionaries were dispossessed notwithstanding 

 the convention between the Spanish and United 

 States governments stipulating that they should 

 not be molested so long as they abstained from 

 political interference. On Oct. 16 an American 

 war vessel, the "Alliance," arrived and took 

 them away. The missionaries had counseled 

 submission when the Spanish commander in June 

 threatened to exterminate the people if they did 

 not deliver up their arms. In November the 

 Spaniards captured the fortified position of Ke- 



the British and American Steam Navigation 

 Company chartered the "Sirius," which had 

 been running between London and Cork. The 

 " Great Western " was 212 feet long and 34 feet 

 4 inches in the beam. She had 2 engines of 200 

 horse -power each, and her burden was 1,320 

 tons. The "Sirius" was of only 700 tons regis- 

 ter, with engines of 320 horse-power. Both ves- 

 sels arrived in the harbor of New York on April 

 23, the " Sirius " a few hours in advance. The 

 time of the " Sirius " from Cork to New York 

 was 19 days ; that of the " Great Western " from 

 Bristol to New York, 15 days. This gave an im- 

 petus to the building of ocean steamers. By 

 1845 the time had been reduced nearly one third, 

 and voyages in 12 days, 8 hours, and 12 days. 6 

 hours were frequent. From 1845 to 1851 the 

 time was still further reduced by an average of 

 nearly 12 hours a year, so that in 1851 9 days 



tani, which was defended by 2 cannons, losing and 12 hours covered the trip from New York 



in the assault 26 killed and 51 wounded. 



In 1876 the Spanish possessions in Africa, in- 

 cluding the small patches in Morocco and the 

 Canary Islands, B^ernando Po and Annabon, Co- 

 risco and Elobey islands, and the San Juan ter- 

 ritory, amounted to 3.600 square miles. Since 

 1886 Spain has laid claim to the coast from Cape 

 Blanco to Cape Bojador and has made treaties 

 with chiefs of Adrar and other districts giving 

 her a title to about 200,000 square miles in the 

 Western Sahara. At least half of the same ter- 

 ritory is regarded as theirs by the French. On 

 the west coast of Africa the region between the 

 Bay of Mouni and the Rio Campo, about 70,000 

 square miles, with .500,000 inhabitants, is also 

 in dispute between France and Spain. 



STEAMERS, OCEAN, SPEED OF. The 

 practicability of navigating the ocean by steam 



to Liverpool. From that date to 1867 were the 

 last days of the old side-wheel steamers. The 

 sailing yacht " Dreadnaught " ran from New 

 York to Queenstown in 9 days, 17 hours, in 

 1860. The side-wheel "Scotia" reduced the 

 time from New York to Liverpool to 8 days, 17 

 hours, 47 minutes, and the time from Liverpool 

 to New York to 8 days, 17 hours, 47 minutes. 

 The "Weser" made the distance from South- 

 ampton to New York in 9 days, 3 hours, 30 min- 

 utes. The " Scotia " took 8 days, 2 hours, and 

 48 minutes from New York to Queenstown. and 

 8 days, 9 hours, 4 minutes from Queenstown to 

 New York. The latter distance was covered by 

 the old "City of Paris" in 7 days, 23 hours, 4 

 minutes. During the fifteen years following there 

 was little reduction in the time. Meanwhile the 

 screw principle for propelling had been devel- 



power was proved in 1819, when the "Savannah" oped. From 1872 the best records were made 



crossed from New York to Liverpool in 26 days, by the screw steamers. In that year the run 



This vessel was commanded by Capt. Moses Rog- from Queenstown to New York was made by the 



* XT T ,1 r\ u~ v, n ^J lo^> /-..vi_ " A/liMoHn" in 7 flnva 1ft hniirs Sii minutes ! Him 



ers, of New London, Conn., who had also com- 

 manded the " Fulton," the first steamship on the 

 Hudson, and the first steamer to make the voy- 

 age from Charleston to Savannah. The ocean 

 pioneer, " Savannah," was a full-rigged ship, with 

 her paddle wheels so arranged that they could 

 be shipped on deck in 30 minutes. She carried 

 75 tons of coal and 25 cords of wood. The 



Adriatic" in 7 days, 18 hours, 55 minutes; and 

 in the same year the " City of Brussels " covered 

 the eastward passage in 7 days, 15 hours, 55 

 minutes. This latter was thought to be a great 

 gain upon the time of the " City of Brussels " in 

 1869, 7 days. 20 hours, 10 minutes. The time 

 from New 'York to Queenstown was gradually 

 reduced until, in 1881, the "Arizona" made the 



