SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



158 in 1886, 13,981 in 1885, 14,776 in 1884 22 - 

 167 in 1883, 25,976 in 1881, 7,608 in 1879' and 

 3,206 in 1877. 



Finances. The ordinary receipts in 1889 were 

 44,294,800 kroner, of which 20,460,400 kroner 

 were derived from customs, 2,648,200 kroner 

 from the spirit duties, 1,699,600 kroner from the 

 malt duty, 1,207,800 kroner from state forests, 

 domains, and mines, and the rest from stamps, 

 <3ourt dues, succession duties, university, prisons, 

 hospitals, and other sources. The ordinary ex- 

 penses amounted to 43,562.900 kroner, the chief 

 items being 9,004,800 kroner for public works, 

 7,118,400 kroner for the army, and 7,648,000 kro- 

 ner for financial administration. The debt on 

 June 30, 1889, amounted to 115,714,200 kroner, 

 and state assets to 139,468,600 kroner. 



The Army and Navy. The law of 1885 in- 

 troduced obligatory service. The term in the act- 

 ive army is five years, in the reserve two years, in 

 the Landvaern two years, and in the Landstorm 

 fifteen years ; yet the actual duties are confined 

 to a course of 'instruction lasting fifty days for 

 the infantry and ninety days for the other arms, 

 and to annual exercises for thirty days. The 

 number of troops is limited by law to 800 officers 

 and 18,000 men. 



The fleet of war consisted in July. 1890, of 4 

 monitors, 2 frigates, 2 corvettes, 31 gunboats, 9 

 torpedo boats, 1 steam transport, and 6 sailing 

 ships, carrying in all 170 guns. 



Commerce. The value of the imports in 1889 

 was 191,608,000 kroner, against 158,397,000 kro- 

 ner in 1888, and 133,691,000 kroner in 1887; of 

 the exports, 132,669,000 kroner, against 122,357,- 

 000 kroner and 106,628,000 kroner respectively. 

 Of the imports in 1889, 59,986,000 kroner came 

 from England, 48,048,000 kroner from Germany, 

 21,763,000 kroner from Sweden. 20,189,000 kroner 

 from Russia and Finland, 9,212,000 kroner from 

 Denmark, 7,871,000 kroner from the United 

 States, 7,476,000 kroner from Holland, 6,163,- 

 000 kroner from Belgium, 4.705,000 kroner from 

 France, 1,177,000 kroner from Portugal, 912,000 

 kroner from Spain, 836,000 kroner from Italy, 

 and 3,270,000 kroner from all other countries. 

 Of the exports, 43,601,000 kroner were destined 

 for England, 20,648.000 kroner for Sweden, 17,- 

 048,000 kroner for Germany, 11,773,000 kroner 

 for Spain, 8,004,000 kroner for France, 6,350,000 

 kroner for Holland, 6,020,000 kroner for Belgium, 

 4,760,000 kroner for Denmark, 3,683,000 kroner 

 for Russia and Finland, 3,568,000 kroner for Italy, 

 1,893,000 kroner for the United States, 763,000 

 kroner for Portugal, and 4,558,000 kroner for 

 other countries. 



Of the total value of imports, 73,800,000 kroner 

 represented articles of food and drink, the im- 

 port of cereals amounting to 33,900,000 kroner ; 

 colonial wares, 21,400,000 kroner; animals and 

 animal products, 12,800,000 kroner ; fermented 

 Jiquqrs, 3.200,000 kroner ; and fruits and vege- 

 tables, 2,500,000 kroner. The exports of articles 

 of food and drink were valued at 48,600,000 kro- 

 ner, of which 45,500,000 kroner stand for ani- 

 mals and animal products. The imports of raw 

 materials amounted to 42,200,000 kroner, the 

 principal articles being coal of the value of 10,- 

 800,000 kroner, metals for 8,600,000 kroner, text- 

 ile materials for 7,400,000 kroner, and hides and 

 leather for 6,100,000 kroner. The chief exports of 



SWITZERLAND. 



i'.'L 



raw stuffs were lumber for :',T.^(H.IMM) kroti.-r and 

 hides and leather for 7.000,000 kroner n,,. t ,,tal 

 for this class being 48,800,000 kr.n.-r. Th,- im- 

 ports of textile fabrics were 28,800,000 kroner- 

 of metal wares, 6,700.000 kroner; and of other 

 manufactured goods, 4,500,000 kroner; and tin- 

 exports of wood manufactures were 14,100000 

 kroner; of textile products, 5,200,000 kroner- 

 of metal wares, 3,400,000 kroner; and of O||,,T 

 manufactures, 1,500,000 kroner ; making the MIMI 

 of 40,000,000 kroner for imports and 24200- 

 000 kroner for exports of manufactured goods. 

 Of other miscellaneous merchandise, inclu.lin^ 

 7,000,000 kroner of oils imported and 6,500 000 

 kroner exported, the total imports were 35,600,- 

 000 kroner and the exports 11,100,000 kroner. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 in 1888 was 11,258, of 2,303,225 registered tons 

 of which 6,293, of 1,451,426 tons, were Norwi^hm 

 and 5,607, of 1,447,758 tons, were with cargoes. 

 The departures numbered 11,454, tonnage 2 422 - 

 056, of which 6,513, of 1,581,838 tons, were Nor- 

 wegian and 10,350. of 2,035,125 tons, sailed with 

 cargoes. The merchant navy on Jan. 1, 1889, 

 'consisted of 7,233 vessels, of 1,534,540 tons, with 

 55,651 men in their crews. The steamers in 1888 

 numbered 536, of 137,542 tons. 



Communications. The railroads in 1890 had 

 a total length of 1,562 kilometres. The state 

 telegraphs in 1889 were 7,505 kilometres in total 

 length, with 14,250 kilometres of wire. The in- 

 ternal dispatches numbered 869,579 : the external 

 dispatches, 503,400 ; receipts, 1,044,027 kroner ; 

 expenses, 1,114,232 kroner. 



The post-office in 1889 forwarded 18,227.100 

 domestic, and 7,021,000 foreign letters, including 

 1,407,500 domestic money letters, containing 226,- 

 300,000 kroner, and 16,800,000 for or from for- 

 eign countries. The newspapers numbered 22,- 

 376.200 in the internal services. The receipts were 

 2,640.956 kroner, and expenses 2,526,015 kroner. 

 SWITZERLAND, a federal republic in cen- 

 tral Europe. There are 25 republics, but only 

 22 cantons, each of which sends two members to 

 the Standerath or State Council. The National- 

 rath or National Council consists of 148 mem- 

 bers, elected for three years by direct universal 

 suffrage. The two bodies elect 7 Swiss citi- 

 zens to act as the Federal Executive for three 

 years and the 9 members and the 9 alternates 

 of the Federal Tribunal. The Federal Council 

 for 1890-'92 consists of L. Ruchonnet, of Vaud, 

 President for 1890 and chief of the Department 

 of Justice and Police ; Dr. E. Welti, of Aargau, 

 Vice-President for 1890 and chief of the Depart- 

 ment of Posts and Railroads : Dr. K. Schenck, of 

 Bern, chief of the Department of the Interior; 

 B. Hammer, of Solothurn, Finance and Customs; 

 Dr. N. Droz, of Neuchatel, Foreign Affairs; Dr. 

 A. Deucher, of Thurgau, Industry and Agricult- 

 ure; W. Hauser, of Zurich, Military Depart- 

 ment. On Dec. 11, 1890, Dr. Welti was, accord- 

 ing to customs, elected to succeed as President 

 for the following year and W. Hnuser was chosen 

 as his successor in the Vice-Presidency. Coh 

 Frei was elected a member of the Federal 

 Council. 



Area and Population. The area and popu- 

 lation of the republics forming the Swiss Con- 

 federation, as determined by the census taken on 

 Dec. 1, 1888, are given in the following table : 



