SWITZERLAND. 



artillery in the Auszug and 10,487 in the Land- 

 wehr; and 5,036 engineers, 1,917 sanitary troops, 

 and 1,160 administrative troops in the AuszuV 

 and 1,838 engineers, and 848 sanitary, and 259 

 administrative troops in the Landwehr. The 

 total strength of the regular army was 126 444 

 , and of the Landwehr 80,796. The Landsturm 





is being fortified at a cost of 2,500,000 francs ' 

 Settlement and Extradition. The ques- 

 tions at issue between Germany and the Swiss 

 Republic, of which the Wohlgemuth affair and 

 the termination of the German settlement treaty 

 were incidents, have been cleared away by the 

 action of the Swiss Government in conforming 

 with the wishes of Germany in its policy regard- 

 ing political offenses. Dr. Droz negotiated a new 

 settlement treaty with Germany that was signed 

 at Bern on May 31, 1890, and ratified by the 

 State and National Councils. The treaty entered 

 into force on July 20, 1890, and runs till Dec. 31, 

 1900. Germans are allowed to settle in Switzer- 

 land only when they present a certificate of the 

 German minister at Bern that they are German 

 subjects of good personal character. Switzer- 

 land reserves the right to permit the residence 

 of persons not possessing such certificates. 

 Swiss citizens desiring to obtain a residence 'in 

 Germany must exhibit documents signed by the 

 Swiss authorities proving their nationality and 

 respectability. The Swiss Government can, if 

 it should appear desirable, introduce the system 

 of issuing certificates through the minister at 

 Berlin. 



While the negotiations for the settlement 

 treaty were pending, the Federal Council sub- 

 mitted to the Legislative Assembly the project 

 of a new extradition law. The majority of the 

 extradition treaties concluded in late years be- 

 tween European states contain a clause making 

 attempts on the life of a sovereign or head of the 

 state or members of his family an extraditable 

 offense. Switzerland has hitherto declined to be 

 bound to deliver up political offenders, even if 

 guilty of attempted assassination. In the pro- 

 posed legislation the Federal Governnent went 

 much further than the countries that accepted 

 the invitation of Germany and Russia to make 

 political murders or attempts on the lives of 

 royalty extraditable. The bill was finally passed 

 by the National Council in a modified form on 

 Dec. 12. The law premises that extradition shall 

 not be granted for political crimes and misde- 

 meanors. It will, however, be granted, although 

 the accused person pleads a political motive, if 

 the offense has pre-eminently the character of a 

 crime or misdemeanor at common law. This the 

 Federal Tribunal will decide on investigation of 

 the facts of each case. When extradition is 

 granted the Federal Council will make it a con- 

 dition that the person handed over shall not be 

 prosecuted for a political crime or punished more 

 severely on account of his political motive. 



In December, under the law of 1889, the 

 Frenchmen Bernard and Weil, the Italians 

 Petraroya and Galleani, the Austrian Rovigo, 

 and the Bulgarian Stoianoff were expelled by 

 order of the Federal Council for preaching polit- 

 ical murder and the violent subversion of the 

 established social order. 



in 



it pronounced in favor of a popular initiative in 

 the repeal or amendment of the provision, ,,f th,. 

 Constitution or the insertion of new clauses. If 



be submitted to a popular vote, and In 

 majority of the voters approve, it shall he tak, M 

 m hand by the Federal Assembly. 



Working Men's Insurance. A system .,f 

 compulsory sick and accident insurance h. 

 approved by both ' 

 semblv. Tl 



~-.^.^ 'i*i\s f ar i '* it- 



cher, who argued that State Socialism 

 only means of dealing with the problem. >ince 

 the civil responsibility of employers had helped 

 the men but little, while it threatened ruin to 

 masters. It was calculated that 500,000 francs 

 would organize the institution and 600,000 francs 

 would be required for annual management. 



Revolution in Ticino. On April 21, 1890, 

 the Federal Tribunal ruled that it had no juris- 

 diction in the matter of the denial of the riirlit 

 of suffrage alleged against the cantonal govern- 

 ment of Ticino, in the elections for the Grand 

 Council in 1889. The Ultramontanes, had in 

 February, before the elections voted to remove 

 the names of 1,200 Protestant German-speaking 

 Switzers from the lists, and this had been done by 

 the Executive. On the following day the mem- 

 bers of the Government resigned in order 

 confirmation by a fresh election. The animosity 

 of the defeated Liberal faction was intensified 

 by the discovery of the peculation of nearly 

 1,500,000 francs by the treasurer of the canton. 

 The discontent with the local government and 

 its supposed unconstitutional proceedings cul- 

 minated, on Sept. 11, in the revolutionary over- 

 throw of the Ultramontane officials who had 

 been in power continuously for fifteen years. On 

 Aug. 9 the Liberals demanded a revision of the 

 Constitution and a redistribution of seats in a 

 petition signed by 10,000 citizens. The Govern- 

 ment paid no attention to this appeal, although 

 the Constitution requires that a request sup- 

 ported by 7,000 names should be followed by a 

 new election within a month. The Liberal 

 leaders organized their revolutionary stroke with 

 secrecy and carried it out skillfully' before their 

 purpose was suspected. They met at Bellinzonn, 

 the seat of government, on the appointed day. 

 took possession of the arsenal, armed their fol- 

 lowers, made prisoners of the officers of the 

 Government that they found in public places. 

 marched to the Government Palace, and when 

 the members of the Government inside refused 

 to open the gates they battered them down. lr. 

 the affray revolver shots were fired, and Coun- 

 cilor Rossi was killed. The other members of 

 the cantonal Council were arrested. A provis- 

 ional Government was constituted, consisting of 

 Si men as President, and Bruni, Lepori, I'.atta::- 

 lini, and Pernucchi as Councilors. A popu- 

 lar Assembly declared the Government and the 

 Grand Council deposed. In Lugano, Mendrisio, 

 Chiasso, Locarno, and Brissago revolutionary 

 committees took possession of the public offices. 

 The Federal Council sent a special commissioner, 



