36 



ASSOCIATIONS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. (AMERICAN.) 



" making of names," and then he passed 1o u discus- 

 sion of "the amount of subdivision of the animal 

 kingdom which is expedient, and the nomenclature 

 of such subdivisions. Linnams only admitted 4 

 categories class, order, genus, and species. These 

 sufficed for most naturalists during the entire past 

 century." One naturalist, Gottlieb Conrad Christian 

 Storr, went into much greater detail : he admitted 

 as many as 11 categories, and others have gone 

 so far as to show " a total of 31 categories interme- 

 diate between the kingdom and the individual of 

 an animal form. The tools have become too nu- 

 merous, and some were rarely used by the authors 

 themselves." This part of this address was a plea 

 for a less number of subdivisions. 



The following named papers were read and dis- 

 cussed before the section : " On the Entomological 

 Results of the Exploration of the British West In- 

 dia Islands by the British Association for the Ad- 

 vancement of' Science " and " A Case of Excessive 

 Parasitism," by Leland 0. Howard ; " On the 

 Variations of Certain Species of North American 

 Odonata " and " Notes on the Occurrence of 

 Dragon Flies in Ohio in 1896," by David S. Kd- 

 licott ; " The Bone Fissure at Port Kennedy, 

 Pennsylvania " and " The Penial Structures of 

 the Saurians, by Edward D. Cope; "Experiments 

 upon Regeneration and Heteromorphosis," " Some 

 Abnormal Chick Embryos," and " Notes upon 

 Cordylophora," by Charles W. Hargitt ; ' Modifi- 

 cation of the Brain during Growth," by Susanna 

 Phelps Gage; "The Peritoneal Epithelium in Am- 

 phibia," by Isabella M. Green (presented by Simon 

 H. Gage) ; " Structure and Morphology of the <)!>- 

 longata of Fishes " and " A Note on the Membra- 

 nous Roof of the Prosencephal and Diencephal of 

 Ganoids," by Benjamin F. Kingsbury ; " The Heart 

 of the Lungless Salamanders of Cayuga Lake,'' by 

 Grant S. Hopkins ; " Observations on the Chame- 

 leon, Anolis principalis" by George V. Reichel ; 

 " Energy in Animal Nutrition. Relative Efficiency 

 of Animals as Machines," by Manly Miles; " Warn- 

 ing Colors, Protective Coloration, and Protective 

 Mimicry," by F. M. Webster : " On Life Zones in 

 West Virginia," by A. D. Hopkins; "The Relation- 

 ships of the North American Fauna%" by Theodore 

 Gill ; " Scyllarus and Anemonia A Case of Semi- 

 commensalism," and " On a Peculiar Fusion of the 

 Gill Filaments in Certain Lamellibranchs," by Ed- 

 ward L. Rice ; " The Discovery of a New Fish 

 Fauna, from the Devonian Rocks of Western New 

 York," by Frederick K. Mixer ; " Differentiation 

 of Work in Zoology in Secondary Schools," by 

 William Orr, Jr. ; " Field Work and its Utility," 

 by James G. Needman ; and " Appendages of an 

 Insect Embryo," by Agnes M. Clapoole. 



G. Botany. Dr. Nathaniel L. Britton, Superin- 

 tendent of the Botanical Gardens in New York 

 city, and late Professor of Botany in Columbia 

 University, presided over this section. He spoke 

 on " Botanical Gardens." Under the heading of 

 " origin and development " he said : " The cultiva- 

 tion, of plants within small areas for their healing 

 qualities by the monks of the Middle Ages appears 

 to have been the beginning of the modern bot anical 

 gardening, although these medical gardens doubt- 

 less took their origin from others of greater an- 

 tiquity. The four main elements of the modern 

 botanical garden have thus been brought into it 

 successively : 1, The utilitarian, or economic ; 2, 

 the aesthetic ; 3, the scientific, or biologic ; 4, the 

 philanthropic. These four elements have been given 

 different degrees of prominence, depending mainly 

 upon local conditions, some gardens being essen- 

 tially aesthetic, some mainly scientific, while in our 

 public parks we find the philanthropic function as 

 the underlying feature, usually accompanied by 



more or less of the aesthetic or scientific." After 

 discussing these four elements somewhat at length 

 Dr. Britton said there were 209 institutions denom- 

 inated "botanical parks," distributed as follows: 

 Algeria, 1; Australia, 5; Austria-Hungary, 13 ; Bel- 

 gium, 5 ; Brazil, 2 ; Canada, 1 ; Canary Islands, 1 ; 

 ('ape of Good Hope, 3; Ceylon, 1-; Chili, 1 : China, 

 1 ; Cochin China, 1 ; Denmark, 2 ; Ecuador, ] ; 

 Egypt, 1; France, 22; Germany. 3C; Great Britain 

 and Ireland, 12 ; Greece, 1 ; Guatemala, 1; Guiana, 

 1: Holland, 4; India. 7; Italy, 23: Japan, 1; Java, 

 1 ; Malta, 1 ; Mauritius, 1 ; Natal, 1 ; New Zealand, 

 1 ; Norway, 1 ; Peru, 1 ; Philippine Islands, 1 ; 

 Portugal. 3 : Reunion. 1 : Roumania, 2; Russia, 16; 

 Servia. 1 : Siberia, 1 : Spain, 2; Straits Settlements, 

 1; Sweden, 6; Switzerland, 4; Tasmania, 1; United 

 States, 10 ; West Indies, 6. 



The final portion of his address was devoted to 

 a discussion of the character of the more important 

 of these botanical gardens, such as the Royal Bo- 

 tanic Gardens, in Kew, England, the Jardin des 

 Plantes, in Paris, and in greater detail the Botanic 

 Garden of Harvard University, the Arnold Ar- 

 boretum of Harvard University, the Botanic Gar- 

 dens of the United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture in Washington, the Missouri Botanic Garden, 

 in St. Louis, the Botanical Garden of the Michigan 

 Agricultural College, the Botanical Garden of the 

 University of California, the Botanical Garden of 

 the University of Pennsylvania, the Botanical Gar- 

 den of Smith College, the Buffalo Botanical Garden, 

 and the New York Botanical Garden. 



The following-named papers were read and dis- 

 cussed before the section : " Influence of Rainfall 

 upon Leaf Forms," " The Mechanism of Curvature 

 in Tendrils," " The Relation of the Growth of 

 Leaves to the C0 2 of the Air," and " Reaction of 

 Leaves to Continual Rainfall," by Daniel T. Mac- 

 Dougal ; " Parthenogenesis in Thalictrum Fend- 

 leri," by David F. Day ; " Notes on the Family 

 Pezizaceas of Schroter," by Elias J. Durand ; " What 

 should constitute a Type Specimen." by Samuel M. 

 Tracy ; " Rheotropism and the Relation of Response 

 to Stimulus," by Frederick C. Newcombe ; " Some 

 Adaptation of Shore Plants to Respiration," by 

 Hermann von Schrenk ; "Studies in Nuclear Phe- 

 nomena, and the Development of the Ascospores in 

 Certain Pyrenomycetes," by Mary A. Nichols ; " The 

 Stigma and Pollen of Arisanna," by W. W. Rowlee ; 

 " Directive Forces Operative in Leaf Rosettes," by 

 K. N. Day : "Notes on the Pine Inhabiting Species 

 of Peridermium " and " The Distribution of the 

 Species of Gymnosporangium in the South," by 

 Lucien M. Underwood and F. S. Earle ; "On Cra- 

 ta'gus Coccinea and its Segregates," "On the Car- 

 damines of the C. Hirsuta Group," " Notes on the 

 Genus Amelanchier," and " Some Cyperaceae new 

 to North America, with Remarks on Other Species," 

 by Nathaniel L. Britton : " Morphology of the 

 ('anna Flower" and "Remarks on the Northern 

 Species of Vitis," by Liberty II. Bailey ; " The Re- 

 lation between the Genera, Polygonella, and Thy- 

 sanella, as shown by a hitherto Unobserved Charac- 

 ter," " An apparently Undescribed Species of Prunus 

 from Connecticut," and " The Flora of the Summits 

 of King's Mountain and Crowder's Mountain, North 

 Carolina," by John K. Small; "Grasses of Iowa," 

 by L. H. Pammel; " Ceres-Pulver : Jensen's New 

 Fungicide for the Treatment of Smut," by William 

 A. Kellerman ; " On an apparently Undescribed 

 Cassia from Mississippi." by Charles L. Pollard; 

 " A Bacterial Disease of the Squash Bug (Anasa 

 />v'.s7/.s)," by Benjamin M. Duggar ; " What is the 

 Bark?" by Charles R. Barnes; ""Embryo-Sac Struc- 

 tures " and " Some Remarks on Chalazogamy," by 

 John M. Coulter ; " The Habits of the Rarer "Ferns 

 of Alabama " and " Notes on the Allies of the Ses- 



