IATIONS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. (AMERICA*.) 



sile Trillium." by Lueien M. Underwood : " < >n tlie 

 Stem Anatomy of Certain Onagraee.T." by Francis 

 Ramaley: " The Significance of Simple and Com- 

 pound Ovaries" and "The Point of Diverge!;- 



dons and Dicotyledons," by ('harle~ F. 

 < n the Bacterial Flora of Cheddar Ch< 

 by 11.' L. Ru>- eil: -Tin- Terminology of Reproduc- 

 tive Organs." !>y Charles II. Barm- : "A Compara- 

 tive Study of the Development of Some Anthrac- 

 - in Artificial Cultures." by Bertha Stoneman: 

 -The Development of the Vascular Elements in 

 Indian Corn." by W. \V. Rowle. : "A Comparison 

 of the Flora of' Erie County. Ohio, with that of 

 County, New York." by Edwin L. Moseley : 

 "On the Formation and Distribution of Abnormal 

 Resin Ducts in Conifers." by Alexander P. Ander- 

 and " The Development of the Cystoearp of 

 Griftithsia Bornetiana." by Anna A. Smith. 



II. Anthropology. Over this section Miss Alice 

 C. Fletcher, of Washington, D. C., was called to 

 preside. Her address was entitled. " Emblematic 

 'f the Tree in the Dakotan Grouji." She said : 

 "In this paper is offered a slight contribution to 

 the early history of social and religious develop- 

 ment, insomuch as in tracing the emblematic use 

 of the tree in the Siouan linguistic group we follow 

 a people from a comparatively primitive condition. 

 living in isolated bands, independently of each 

 other, to their organization within the tribal struc- 

 ture, compacted by the force of common religious 

 beliefs. Indian religions seem to have been subject 

 to the same laws that governed the development 

 and growth of religions on the Eastern continent. 

 There we know the several systems to have been 

 begun with the simple utterances of a seer, which, 

 as they were passed from mouth to mouth, became 

 more and more clouded with interpretations, gradu- 

 ally expanded in detail, and finally formulated into 

 ceremonials with attendant explanatory and dra- 

 matic rites. As time rolled into centuries, these 

 ceremonies, with their accessory priests, came to be 

 regarded as of supernatural origin, endowed with 

 superhuman power and authorized to exercise con- 

 trol over the affairs of the tribe or nation : but the 

 one living germ within the ponderous incrustation 

 of doctrine and ceremony that had accumulated 

 throughout the ages was still the surviving, vitaliz- 

 ing thought of the seer." After a full analysis of 

 many of their legends. Miss Fletcher closed with : 

 " In the Sacred Pole ceremonies the constructive 

 idea was still further developed, until not only 

 unity of genfes was required, but unity of authority 

 among the chiefs was enforced. This unity, whether 

 as demanded in the enunciations of the chiefs or a< 

 necessary to the formation of the tribe, to the in- 

 stituting of the religious societies or to the devel- 

 opment of the clan, depending upon the conception 

 of Wa-kan-da. as manifested in concrete form 

 through the medium of the vision. The ancient 

 thinkers among the Siouan people, in the long cen- 

 turies of an unknown past, came gradually to real- 

 ize the helpfulness and power that lay in social 

 unity. Out of this realization these ceremonies 

 were slowly evolved, wherein the Pole, bearing the 

 topmost branches of the living tree, stood in the 

 midst of the assembled people as an emblem of the 

 presence and authority of Thunder the universally 

 accepted manifestations of Wa-kan-da. and also in 

 its life and growth as typical of tribal unity and 

 strength." 



The following-named papers were read and dis- 

 cussed before the section : Resolution on the death 

 of Captain John G. Bourke. secretary of the section, 

 followed by a memorial by Washington Matti 

 " A Ceremonial Flint Implement and its Use among 

 the Ancient Tribes of Tennessee.'' by Gate- P. 

 Thruston : " Symbolic Rocks of Byfield and New- 



bury. Mass.." by Horace C. Hovcy ; ">..ine Indian 

 Rock and Body Painting in Southern California.'' 

 bv David P. Barrows: "An Analysis of the I' 

 ration upon Pottery from the Mississippi Valley," 

 by Charles C. Willoughby : "Brief Description of 

 the Prehistoric Ruins of Tzac Pokoma, Guatemala." 

 by John R. Chandler: "Recent Explorations in 

 Honduras by the Peabody Museum." by Frederick 

 \V. Putnam: "Human Relics from the Drift of 

 Ohio." by Edward W. Claypole : " Fresh Geological 

 Evidence of Glacial Man at Trenton, N. J , by 

 G. Frederick Wright : "Result of Recent Cave Ex- 

 ploration in the Eastern 1'nited States." by Henry 

 ('. Mercer: " Indian Wampum Records." by Horatio 

 Hale; "Sen Stone Art" and "The Beginning of 

 Zooculture." by W J McGee : " Resolution upon 

 the Appointment of a Committee to Report on ' The 

 Ethnography of the White Race in the United 

 States.' " by Daniel G. Brinton ; " Aboriginal Occu- 

 pation of New York" and " Onondago Games." by 

 William M. Beauchamp: "Meaning of the Name 

 Manhattan." by William W. Tooker; "Kootenay 

 Indian Place Names " and ' Kootenay Indian Names 

 of Implements and Instruments." by Alexander F. 

 Chamberlain: "Clan System of the Pueblos." by 

 Frederick W. Hodge: "The Psychic Source of 

 Myths," by Daniel G. Brinton: "The Limitations 

 of the Comparative Method in Anthropology," by 

 Franz Boas: "Physical and Mental Measurements 

 of Students of Columbia University." by J. McKeen 

 Cattell : ' Anthropometry of the Shoshone Indians," 

 by Franz Boas: "Finger Prints of American In- 

 dians," by Frederick Starr : " Recent Discoveries 

 and Discussions as to Pygmy Races," by R. G. Hali- 

 burton : "The Papago Time Concept." by W J 

 McGee ; " Notes on the Theological Development 

 of One Child," by Fanny D. Bergen : " Certain 

 Shamanistic Ceremonies among the Ojibways " and 

 "The Preservation of Local Archaeological Evi- 

 dence." by Harlan I. Smith: "Notes on Certain 

 Beliefs concerning Will Power among the Siouan 

 Tribes." by Alice C. Fletcher; "The Temple of 

 Tepoztlan. "Mexico." by Marshall II. Saville; "Char- 

 acter and Food," by George V. Reichel ; "Shell 

 Gorgets and Ceremonial Implements," by Gates P. 

 Thruston: "Finland Vapor Baths." by Herbert W. 

 Smith; "Cupped Stones." by Franz Boas: "Pueblo 

 Indian Clans." by Frederick W. Hodge; and "Mes- 

 cal Plant and Rite," by James Mooney. 



I. Economic Science and Statistic*. William R. 

 Lazenby. of the Ohio State University, delivered 

 the vice-presidential address, choosing as his sub- 

 ject " Horticulture and Health." In opening, he 

 gave a somewhat exhaustive treatment of the value 

 of fmit as a diet, showing, by means of chemical 

 analysis and percentage tables, what parts of dif- 

 ferent fruits go to build up the various compounds 

 of the human body. He gave the results from the 

 pecuniary side of many years' experience at the 

 Ohio State University and elsewhere to show the 

 practicability of a family's getting a good living from 

 a small area of well-located ground devoted to the 

 raising of small fruits, flowers, and forced vege- 

 tables. From the aesthetic side. also, work in this 

 direction is to be highly recommended, because the 

 resulting close association with Nature in her most 

 beautiful forms develops the best side of character. 



His closing remarks were : ' I sincerely hope that 

 the obvious advantages of forming horticultural 

 colonies will be widely and rapidly improved. It 

 would correct the unhealthy congestion of our 

 towns and cities. In no other way can so many bo 

 provided with homes, regular employment, and 

 good living. By a horticultural colony, I mean the 

 :ation of 100 to 500 families in the purchase of 

 a suitably located tract of land, embracing about 

 1 acre for each individual. The location, which 



