EAST AFRICA. 



253 



(lie exports SI. 982.272. The chief export wen: 

 Ivor. ! : rubber, 047.470: sesame, $80,100; 



nuts, $44,140 ; oopra, 124,862. A railroad is 

 projected that will connect Bagamoyo and Dar-es- 

 Salaam with the lakes, and have a" total length of 

 1.100 miles. A syndicate has undertaken to build 

 the first section of ISO miles, reaching to Mrogoro, 

 in Ukaini, at a cost of 12,000,000 marks, and e\- 

 - to have it done before the end of 1897. The 

 if the entire line to Lake Tanganyika and Vic- 

 toria X van/a, by way of Tabera. is estimated at 

 from 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 marks. 



After the death of Stokes, who was hanged by 

 the Congo Free State authorities. Ruoma, a power- 

 ful chief in Bukoba. sent word to the neighboring 

 sultans, including the notorious Lukonge, to cease 

 paying tribute to the Germans and to join him in 

 paying it instead to the Belgians, who, having 

 shown their power by killing Stokes, would drive 

 the Germans out of the country. Lukonge imme- 

 diately attacked Ukerewe, Stokes's chief station on 

 the lake Victoria Xyanza. which had been acquired 

 by the White Fathers, and this resulted in the mas- 

 sacre of a large number of French native Christians 

 and the burning of the station. Two German ex- 

 peditions were consequently dispatched, one against 

 each sultan. In the end Lukonge was banished, 

 his country was given to another chief, and Ruoma 

 was killed! The killing of Stokes had a disturbing 

 effect throughout the country, for the natives never 

 had supposed that one white man would kill an- 

 other. A German punitive expedition had to be 

 sent early in 1896 aeainst the powerful chief Kitan- 

 gule for stealing firearms. In the summer the 

 Wawemba tribe of slave raiders in British East 

 Africa, who were severely punished in 1893 by 

 Major von Wissmann, mad'e a fresh incursion into 

 German territory near the northern end of Lake 

 Tanganyika. In September occurred a rising of 

 the Wahehe tribe that Col. von Schele subdued 

 with great difficulty. Having repaired their for- 

 tress of Kwikuru. they expelled from their country 

 the detachment of German troops under Lieut. 

 Fugger. The acting Governor, Lieut, von Trotha, 

 sent an expedition of 200 soldiers to reduce them 

 again to submission. 



The acts of Dr. Peters while administrator of the 

 Kilimanjaro district led to greater precautions be- 

 ing taken against the ill treatment of natives by 

 German officials and settlers in East Africa. This 

 famous explorer after he had been elected to suc- 

 ceed Prince Arenberg as President of the Berlin 

 branch of the German Colonial Association was 

 charged in the Reichstag with having caused his 

 black mistress and her negro paramour to be hanged 

 without any trial. In July the manager of the 

 German East African Plantation Company. Fried- 

 rich Schroder, was condemned to fifteen years' im- 

 prisonment for extreme cruelty to natives. 



Nyassaland. Missionary stations of the Scottish 

 Presbyterians and trading posts of the African Lakes 

 Company have been maintained for many years in 

 the Shire highlands and on the shores of Lake 

 Xyassa. On the strength of their occupation of this 

 district the English Government compelled Portu- 

 gal to renounce its claims to all the region now 

 known as British Central Africa, embracing an area 

 of 500,000 square miles, with 3,000,000 inhabitants. 

 The whole region was declared a British protec- 

 torate on May 14. 1891, and the Barotse country 

 and other districts except Xyassaland were ceded to 

 the British South Africa Company. In Xyassaland 

 a separate administration was organized under Sir 

 Harry II. Johnston, for which the British South 

 Africa Company paid half the costs and the Impe- 

 rial Government half, the share of each being 

 27,000 for 1893. The town of Blantvre has 



a population of 6,000 natives and 100 Europeans. 

 Besides a native police a force of Indian Sikh- is 

 maintained, numbering 000 men. ('i.tlVi- ha- been 

 planted extensively by tin- British ~ett]cr>. anil con- 

 siderable quantities are exported already. The 

 population of the protectorate i- Ml. !'.).">. Tin re 

 are 289 European .settlers and Oil:! Ka-t Indians, in- 

 clusive of the Sikhs who form the Indian con- 

 tingent of the armed force. Rice i> produced 

 abundantly on hinds drained by native labor. A hut 

 tax is collected from the natives. Telegraph con- 

 nection has been established between Xomba and 

 British South Africa. The value of the imports for 

 the year ending March 31, 1896, was 82.700, the 

 goods being chiefly provisions, textiles, hardware, 

 arms and ammunition, and alcohol. The exports, 

 valued at 19,668. were ivory, coffee, tobacco, cotton, 

 fiber plants, and rubber. The English victories 

 over the slave-raiders have attracted many thou- 

 sands of natives who had fled to the chilly and un- 

 productive highlands to the fertile low country, 

 where cultivation is consequently increasing at a 

 rapid rate. Banian traders have come in consider- 

 able numbers and are doing an active business with 

 the natives, who now seek to obtain and accumu- 

 late money instead of putting their savings in 

 cloth. Xumerous substantial brick houses have 

 been built in Blantvre. The cedar forests still re- 

 maining on Mlanje mountain, in the southeastern 

 corner of the British territory, have been reserved 

 as Crown property. In the autumn of 1895 Major 

 Edwards with 65 Sikhs and 050 negro soldiers 

 marched against the slave-trading chief Zarafi on 

 Mangoche mountain, which was captured, though 

 valiantly defended by the Yaos. and the chiefs cap- 

 ital and minor towns were destroyed on Oct. 29. In 

 subsequent expeditions Tor the capture of Zarafi and 

 his people, who refused to return and submit to dis- 

 armament, the stronghold of the chief Makandanji, 

 an old enemy of the British, was taken. The strong- 

 hold of the Yao chiefs Makanjiri and Matapwiri 

 were destroyed also. In the beginning of December, 

 1895, an expedition was undertaken against the 

 Arabs at the north end of Lake Xyassa. and these 

 operations were entirely successful after three days' 

 fighting, the stockades being taken and destroyed 

 and the chief Mlozi captured, tried, and executed. 

 The Arabs lost 210 killed and many prisoners, and 

 569 slaves, who were released. Mpemba and Tam- 

 bala, whose stockaded towns were close to the west- 

 ern shore of Lake Xyassa, were defeated later. In 

 January. 1896, a successful expedition was carried 

 out against the Angoni chief Mwasi Kasunga. the 

 last of the slave-trading chiefs remaining in the 

 British Central Africa protectorate, whose 20.000 

 warriors were defeated by 150 regulars and 5.000 

 native allies. All these chiefs who defied the Eng- 

 lish and contested with them the supremacy over 

 the native tribes of Xyassaland were of alien origin, 

 either Arabs. Yaos, or Zulus. A successful expedi- 

 tion against an Angoni chief in the interior of the 

 Marimba district who had attempted to form a 

 league of the Angoni tribes against the British did 

 not remove all danger of attacks from the Angoni 

 Zulus on the west. The chiefs who were driven out 

 of the British protectorate took refuge in Portuguese 

 Yaoland. where they were still able to carry on their 

 slave-trading operations, as there were no Portu- 

 guese forces or officials in the country. The Portu- 

 guese authorities, however, soon took measures to 

 prevent their territory being made a refuge for Yao 

 chiefs or slave traders who had been expelled from 

 the British protectorate. 



Portuguese East Africa. The Portuguese pos- 



ns. which once extended far into the interior 



and were supposed to embrace the whole basin of 



the Zambesi and to reach from ocean to ocean, are 



