298 



FRANCE. 



FRIENDS. 



China, and advises as to the budgets of the protec- 

 torates. They have been united in a customs union 

 since 1887. 



Cochin-China is a French colony, represented by 

 one Deputy in the Chamber. It has an area of 23,- 

 082 square miles, and a population estimated at 

 ~ ) .(l:>4.453, mainly Annamites, with a sprinkling of 

 Cambodians, Malays, and Malabarians and numer- 

 ous Chinese immigrants. There are fewer than 

 3.000 French. Over four fifths of the people are 

 Buddhists. Rice is the chief product, and it is ex- 

 ported to China, Java, and Europe. Other exports 

 are cotton, pepper, fish, and copra. The total value 

 of the imports in 1894 was 36,693,460 francs, and of 

 the exports 87,650,880 francs. There were 1,830 

 French troops and 2,800 Annamite soldiers in 

 1894. There are 51 miles of railroad and 1,840 

 miles of telegraphs. The local revenue in 1895 

 was estimated at $11,226,595. The expenditure of 

 France for 1896 is fixed at 3,158.654 francs. 



Cambodia, has an area of 38,600 square miles 

 and a population of 1.500,000 or more. King Noro- 

 dom accepted a French protectorate in 1863. The 

 budget for 1895 was $1.736,600. Fish, cotton, 

 beans, tobacco, rice, betel, and silk were exported 

 in 1894 to the amount of $3,320,949, while the im- 

 ports were $398,564 in value. 



A French protectorate was established over An- 

 nam in 1884. Thanh Thai was made King in 1889. 

 The area of Annam proper is 27,020 square miles, 

 and of the dependent territories 19.300 square miles. 

 There are between 2,000,000 and 5,000.000 inhabit- 

 ants, Annamites in the level, cultivated country, and 

 Mois in the hills. French officials supervise the ad- 

 ministration of the Annamite functionaries. There 

 are 600 French and 3,000 native soldiers. The prod- 

 ucts are sugar, cinnamon, rice, corn, areca nuts, to- 

 bacco, betel, manioc, bamboo, timber, silk, caout- 

 chouc, dyes, and medicinal plants. Coal is mined by 

 a French company. The imports in 1894 amounted 

 to 4,683,979 francs, and exports to 3,066,105 francs. 

 There are 420,000 native Catholics. 



Tonquin, which was annexed by France in 1884, 

 has an area of 34,740 square miles, with an esti- 

 mated population of 9,000,000. The native Roman 

 Catholics number 400,000. The chief crop is rice, 

 of which 1,000.000 pieuls were exported in 1892, 

 mostly to China. Other products are silk, cotton, 

 pepper, sugar, oils, and tobacco. Coal mines are 

 worked by Frenchmen. The imports in 1894 were 

 valued at 30,775,645 francs, and the exports at 15,- 

 001,295 francs. The trade with Yunnan by way of 

 the Red river amounted to 5,000,000 francs for" ex- 

 ports and 3,200,000 francs for imports in 1894. In 

 1895 the total trade increased to 7,500,000 francs of 

 exports to Yunnan, mainly cotton goods, and 4,500,- 

 000 of imports. The local revenue of Annam and 

 Tonquin in 1895 was estimated at 7,074,000 dollars. 

 The expenditure of France for 1896 was 25,250,000 

 francs. The native troops in 1892 numbered 6,500 

 and the French garrison 12,055. The railroad from 

 Phulong to Langson, 64 miles, is to be extended to 

 Nacham, on the frontier of the Canton province of 

 China. A loan of 80,000,000 francs for Tonquin was 

 authorized in January, 1896. 



The rainfall in Indo-China was so meager that 

 partial famine afflicted Tonquin, Cochin-China, and 

 Cambodia in 1896. There was not more than two 

 thirds of a crop of paddy. Annamite parents were 

 reduced to selling their children, and pillage in- 

 creased to an alarming extent. The Chinese pirates, 

 who had been pacified by the conciliatory policy of 

 Gov.-Gen. de Lanessan, had already resumed their 

 hostilities, owing to the change of policy made after 

 his recall in 1894. He had arranged with the court 

 of Annam for the use of its police to drive the pirates 

 into the mountains, then armed the inhabitants of the 



delta so that they could defend themselves against 

 raids, and afterward negotiated with the pirate 

 chiefs, one of whom surrendered before M. de 

 Lanessan left, and others followed this example 

 and settled on lands assigned to them near Lang- 

 son to follow a peaceful and useful mode of life. 

 When a policy of force was substituted for one of 

 conciliation the acts of violence and robbery, which 

 had almost ceased, became frequent again. " 



FRIENDS. A review of the statistics of the So- 

 ciety of Friends (orthodox) in the United Stales. 

 published by the li American Friend," Philadelphia, 

 shows that the number of members in the 14 yearly 

 meetings increased 2,278 during the year covered 

 by the reports for 1896, making the whole present 

 number 90,436 ; while in all the rest of the world 

 outside of America there were 19.863 Friends, mak- 

 ing a total of 110,299. Aside from the Philadel- 

 phia Yearly Meeting, of which the reports are not 

 at hand, there are in Great Britain and America 

 1,618 enrolled ministers, 1,293 regularly established 

 meetings, and 988 Bible schools, with a total en- 

 rollment of 87,003 attendants. Further, Friends 

 are maintaining 19 mission stations in Japan, China, 

 India, Madagascar, South Africa, Syria, and Turkey, 

 7 in Mexico, 8 among the American Indians, 2 in 

 Jamaica, and 2 in Alaska, with 118 resident mis- 

 sionaries and 4,004 members, 925 of whom are in- 

 cluded in the numbers already cited. The reports 

 of the various missionary organizations and com- 

 mittees given in the American meetings show that 

 $30,311 were spent in maintenance of this mission 

 work in 1895. The more prominent features in the 

 religious life of the orthodox Friends during 1896 

 \\ere increased interest in the educational institu- 

 tions, with movements to augment their influence 

 and efficiency, and a more vigorous prosecution of 

 evangelistic work, particularly in the new fields of 

 the far West, which has also been more fruitful of 

 results. 



The Friends of the Unitarian order in the Unit- 

 ed States have 7 yearly meetings, of which that of 

 Genesee includes a few meetings in Canada. They 

 number, according to the latest enumeration, 115 

 ministers, 201 churches, and 21,992 members. Pre- 

 vious to 1896, and beginning with 1890, 3 general 

 meetings had been held for the consideration of the 

 interests, principles, and work of the society, at Fall 

 Creek, Ind., in 1890; Lincoln, Va., in 1892; and 

 Chappaqua, N. Y.. in 1894. A fourth meeting of the 

 kind was held at Swarthmore, Pa., Aug. 19 to 26, and 

 was attended by between 2.000 and 3,000 persons. 

 Four of the sessions held during seven days were 

 devoted to the First-day schools of the society, 2 to 

 its secular schools, 3 to religious topics, and 6 to 

 philanthropic work. The discussions concerning 

 Sunday schools were participated in by many young 

 men and women, members of those institutions. 

 At one of the sessions the Friends' adult school 

 work in England was described by John William 

 Graham. Among other special subjects considered 

 were the " Three Needs of the Church," viz. : In- 

 creased consecration to aggressive work, a stronger 

 and more effective ministry, and better modern 

 knowledge of the Bible; "The Ministry"; and 

 " Past and Future of the Society of Friends." 



The body of Friends popularly called the " Wil- 

 burites," with 7 yearly meetings, adhere to the old 

 ways, and oppose all the recent changes and in- 

 novations which have found a footing in some of 

 the other branches. They return 38 ministers. 53 

 churches, and 4,329 members. 



The Primitive Friends have 11 ministers. 9 

 churches, and 232 members. 



The total numbers of American Friends, as given 

 at the end of the year 1896, are 1,314 ministers, 

 1,087 churches, and 116,989 members. 





