311 



GERMANY. 



A census of trades and professions taken on July 

 14, 1895, shows that 349 persons in every 1,000 are 

 dependent on agriculture ; 8'4 on forest industry 

 and fishing- ; 35-7 on mining ; 355*5 on industry 

 specifically, 25'4 on the treatment of mineral sub- 

 stances, 41 % 6 on metallurgical industry, 20 - 1 on the 

 manufacture of machines and instruments, 5'6 on 

 chemical industry, 36'7 on textile industry, 5 - 9 on 

 paper manufacturing, 8'3 on the. copper industry, 

 32 - 6 on wood manufactures and sculpture, 40 - 1 on 

 the manufacture of alimentary articles, 57'4 on the 

 clothing industry, 71 '6 on the building industries, 

 4'9 on the printing industry, and 5'3 on various in- 

 dustries; 115 - 2 per mille on commerce and trans- 

 portation specifically, 56'8 on commerce, 38'7 on 

 transportation, 18'4 on the hotel business, and 1'3 

 on insurance; 17'1 per mille on domestic service 

 outside the house and hired labor ; 40'6 per mille 

 are employees, clergy, and literary workers ; 14 - 2 per 

 mille are in the army and navy ; and 64'3 per mille 

 have no trade or employment. Of 51,770,284 indi- 

 viduals enumerated 22,913,691 are directly engaged 

 in business or labor and 28,856,593 make up their 

 dependent families and domestics. 



The following cities had more than 50,000 inhab- 

 itants on Dec, 2, 1895 : Berlin, 1,677,135 ; Hamburg, 

 625,552 ; Munich, 407,174 ; Leipsic, 399,96!) : Bres- 

 lau, 373,140: Dresden, 336,440; Cologne. 321,548; 

 Frankfort-on-the-Main, 229,299: Ma^lelmix. 214,- 

 397; Hanover. 209.560; Dusseldorf, 1 76.024: Kd- 

 nigsberg, 172,758; Nuremberg, 162,380; Chemnitz, 

 161,018 ; Stuttgart, 158,378 ; Altona, 148,944 ; Brem- 

 en, 141,133; Stettin, 140,731; Klbcrfcld, 139,168; 

 Strasburg, 135,608 ; Charlottenburg, 132,383 ; Bar- 

 men, 127,002; Dantzic, 125,639; Halle, 116,302; 

 Brunswick, 115,138; Dortmund, 111,235; Aachen, 

 110,489; Crefeld, 107.278; Essen. !)li.Hi:! : Mann- 

 heim, 90,677 ; Kiel, 85,668; Carlsruhe. 84,004; Mill- 

 house, 82,986; Cassel, 81,738: Augsburg, 80,798; 

 Erfurt, 78,167; Mayence, 76.957: Wiesbaden, 74,- 

 122; Posen. 73,235; Luisburg, 70,287: Gorlitz. 70,- 

 172; Liibeck, 69,812; WQrtzburg, 68,714: Darm- 

 stadt, 63.769 ; Metz, 59,794 ; Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 

 59,049; Potsdam. 58,452; Munster, 57,018; Spnn- 

 dau, 55.813; Plauen, 55,197; Bochum, 53,788; Glad- 

 bach, 53,666; Freiburg, 53,081; Liegnitz, 51,519; 

 Zwickau, 50,391. 



The number of marriages in the empire in 1893 

 was 401,234 ; of births, 1,928,270 ; of deaths, 1,3'10,- 

 756; excess of births, 617,514. During 1894 the 

 emigration was 40,964, against 87,677 in 1893, 116,- 

 339 in 1892, and 120.089 in 1891. Of the emigrants 

 35,902 sailed for the United States, 1,288 for Brazil, 

 2,638 for other parts of America, 760 for Africa, 225 

 for Australasia, and 151 for Asia. The total emi- 

 gration to the United States from 1820 to the end 

 of 1894 was about 5,150,000 ; from 1871 the number 

 was 2,333.460, and during the same period 47.000 

 went to Brazil. 



Finances. The budget estimates for the year 

 ending March 31, 1896, made the total imperial 

 revenue 1,224,773,500 marks, including 46,379 marks 

 of extraordinary receipts. Of the ordinary reve- 

 nue, amounting to 1,178,395,000 marks, 627,003,400 

 marks were derived from customs and excise duties, 

 54,629,000 marks from stamps, 29,778,900 marks from 

 posts and telegraphs, 1,474,200 marks from the im- 

 perial printing office, 23,173.000 marks from rail- 

 roads, 7,182,100 marks from the Imperial Bank. 11,- 

 950.500 marks from various departments. 26,393,700 

 marks from the invested Invalid fund, 10,000 marks 

 from other funds, 800,000 marks from various sources, 

 and 396,000,100 marks were the contributions from 

 the federated states, whose governments are assessed 

 in proportion to their population for the difference 

 between the imperial expenditures and the receipts 

 from customs, excise, posts, railroads, and telegraphs. 



The total expenditures for the financial year 1896 

 were estimated at 1,239,250.500 marks, including 

 133,166,200 marks of nonrecurring and extraordi- 

 nary expenditure. Of the ordinary expenditures, 

 amounting to 1,106.084,300 marks, 651,000 marks 

 were for the Reichstag, 153.SOO marks for the Im- 

 perial chancellory, 10,556,500 marks for the Minis- 

 try of Foreign Affairs, 29.725.600 marks for the 

 Ministry of the Interior, 472,212.400 marks for the 

 army, 55,261,500 marks for the navy, 2.085.400 marks 

 for the Ministry of Justice, 878,910,000 "marks for 

 the imperial Treasury Department, 3-)6,!)00 marks 

 for the Railroad Bureau, 73,967,300 marks for the 

 service of the debt of the empire, 735,500 marks 

 for the auditor's office, 55.034.SOO marks for the Pen- 

 sion fund, 26,393,700 marks for the Invalid fund, and 

 49,900 marks for the reform of the salary system. 

 Under the Franckenstein clause the imperial treas- 

 ury receives from the customs, the tobacco duties, 

 and certain other imposts the fixed sum of 130,000,- 

 000 marks a year, the surplus being divided among 

 the federal states according to their population. 

 The receipts from these sources have so increased 

 that of late years the sums distributed among the 

 states have considerably exceeded their matricular 

 contributions to the empire, which has reaped no 

 benefit from the increase in the revenue. Hence 

 Dr. Lieber, the leader of the Center party, proposed, 

 in March, 1896, to divide the surplus receipts over 

 and above the matricular contributions between the 

 states and the Imperial Government, and to devote 

 for two years the share of the latter to the creation 

 of a sinking fund for the extinction of debts of the 

 empire, for the redemption of which no provision 

 has as yet been made. Count Posadovsky, the Min- 

 ister of the Treasury, accepted this scheme, to which 

 the Bundesrath and the Reichstag gave assent. The 

 surplus to be thus applied in 1896 amounts to 13,- 

 000,000 marks. 



The following table gives, in marks, the budgets 

 and debts of the several German states for 1896, or 

 in the case of some of them for 1895 : 



The main part, in some states the whole, of the 

 debts were incurred for railroads and other remu- 

 nerative works. 



The funded debt of the empire on March 31. 1894, 

 stood at 1,915,714,500 marks, of which 450,000,000 

 marks paid 4 per cent., 775,714.500 marks 34^ per 

 cent., and 690.000,000 marks 3 per cent, interest. 

 The treasury notes amounted to 120,000,000 marks. 

 The Invalid fund amounted on March 31, 1893, to 

 457,194,900 marks. The war treasure is a sum of 



