(iKI-'.AT I51MTA1N. 



GREKCK. 



>> i 



Representatives of those organizations which seek 



to substiiu'e socialist property and production for 

 <-a|iitalist property ami ])roilnction. and who con- 

 sider Legislative and parliamentary action as one 

 of the necessary means of attaining that end: 2, 

 purely trade organizations which, though taking 

 no militant part in polities, declare that they p 

 nize the necessity of legislative and parliamentary 

 action. Consequently anarchists are excluded. To 

 prevent the anarchist's from eivat ing the same dis- 

 turbance that they did at Zurich, and again in 

 London, it is provided that all credentials shall be 

 examined and passed upon by a special commission, 

 from which there shall be no appeal to the congress. 

 It was decided to hold the next congress in Ger- 

 many, the town to be chosen by the German delega- 

 tion.' in 1S!>U. 



The congress could not decide upon any practical 

 solution of the agrarian question, which has such 

 different phases in different countries that the 

 national organizations should deal with it locally, 

 but an ultimate socialistic solution was approved, 

 in which land, like the other means of production, 

 shall become common property, which society in 

 its corporate capacity will cause to be cultivated in 

 the common interest by the most scientific methods. 

 In regard to political action, the congress, declaring 

 that, with the view of realizing the emancipation 

 of the workers, the enfranchisement of the human- 

 ity of the citizen, and the establishment of the In- 

 ternational Socialist Republic, the conquest of 

 political power is of paramount importance, called 

 upon workers of all countries to unite, independent 

 of and apart from all bourgeois political parties, 

 and to demand universal adult suffrage, one adult 

 vote, and the secret ballot. The congress also 

 declared for the emancipation of woman, and in 

 favor of the full autonomy of all nationalities, and 

 concluded by declaring that, whatever the pretext, 

 whether religion or civilization, colonial extension 

 is only another name for the extension of the area 

 of capitalistic exploitation in the exclusive interest 

 of the capitalistic class. The resolutions in regard 

 to economic and industrial action affirmed the 

 need of the socialization of transport and exchange, 

 and the complete organization of workers in view 

 of the disappearance of free competition and the 

 rapid growth of huge combinations of capitalists. 

 The great coal mines, the great iron and chemical 

 works, the railroads, and the larger factories should 

 therefore be nationalized and socialized. The con- 

 gress approved the increased economic and political 

 action of trade unions, and desired in the near 

 future international co-operation of the proletariat 

 for the abolition of all tariffs and duties, and for 

 factory and labor protection laws. The resolutions 

 of the Paris Congress in favor of a legal eight- 

 hours' day, abolition of child labor under fourteen, 

 prohibition of night work, abolition of the truck 

 system, and the inspection of all industries, were 

 reaffirmed, but the congress resolved to limit action 

 temporarily to securing the eight-hours' day. the 

 abolition of the sweating system, and the introduc- 

 tion of perfect legislative protection for home 

 workers by the recognition of the unassailable 

 right of combination and coalition of both sexes. 

 The congress considered strikes and boycotts neces- 

 sary weapons to attain the objects of trade unions, 

 and stated that it should be the special duty of the 

 societies in each country to take care that workers 

 coming from other countries shall become members 

 of the unions and not work for less than the union 

 rate of wages ; in case of strikes and lockouts trade 

 unions of all countries should assist each other. 

 Another resolution impressed upon the proletariat 

 the imperative necessity, in view of the rapid indus- 

 trial and economic development that is going on, 

 VOL. xxxvi. 22 A 



of learning how to administer the public bu- 

 forthe common good. A minority report in 

 of a general strike, which was alleged to hav- 

 successful in Belgium, Sweden, and Austria, was dis- 

 approved. Amendments that, were incorporated in 

 the resolutions affirmed that no woman should be 

 allowed to work in factory or workshop for six 

 weeks before and six weeks after her confinement : 

 that the age of employment should be rai-ed from 

 fourteen to sixteen years; that, in view of the great 

 and serious question of the unemployed, where pri- 

 vate employers fail public employment should be 

 found for all workmen that are affected ; that im- 

 migration of aliens is desirable ; that home work 

 should be abolished wherever possible; and that 

 apprentices, in the same way as women, should be 

 admitted to trade unions for their socialistic and 

 technical education. On the question of state edu- 

 cation the congress voted in favor of a free course 

 from the kindergarten to the university for every 

 pupil. A vote was passed for the abolition of stand- 

 ing armies and for the establishment of a tribunal 

 of arbitration, which was coupled with the assertion 

 that while the capitalist class exists universal peace 

 is impossible. 



GREECE, a constitutional monarchy in south- 

 eastern Europe. The legislative power is vested in 

 the Boule, a single chamber of 207 members, elected 

 for four years by universal male suffrage. The 

 King is Georgios I, born Dec. 24, 1845, a son of the 

 present King of Denmark, elected by the Boule on 

 .March 18, 1863, and confirmed by the protecting 

 powers England, France, and Russia in the pro- 

 tocol signed at London on June 5, 1863. He married 

 Olga. daughter of the Grand-Duke Constantino of 

 Russia. The heir apparent, Konstantinos, Duke of 

 Sparta, born Aug. 2, 1868, is married to Sophia, 

 Princess of Pru- 



The ministry constituted on June 10, 1895, is 

 composed as follows : President of the Council and 

 Minister of Finance, Theodore Delyannis; Minister 



M. THEODORE DELYANXIS, THE GREEK PRIME MINISTER. 



of the Interior, Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis; Minis- 

 ter of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Skouzes : Minister 

 of Justice, Philip Varvoglis; Minister of Marine, 

 Nicholas Levides ; Minister of War, Col. Smolentz ; 

 Minister of Public Instruction, Demetrius Petride?. 

 Area and Population. The area of Greece is 

 25,041 square miles. The population at the census 

 of 1889 was 2,187,208, composed of 1,133,625 males 



