HAWAII. 



II A VIM. 



and legislation. SS5.4.VJ for justice. s51.ss"i for 

 fa affairs. sl(>0,774 for public works, $176,683 

 Miilary measures. slsr,.0-J5. for the Department 



of Finance, $288,521 for the public debt, $274,488 



I'm- the Attorney-lM'neral's olTiee. X21S.127 for pub- 

 lic instruction, $118,181 for the armed forces. $157.- 

 7^:'. r-r the suppression of rebellion and cholera. 

 and $257,748 for divers pun 



The public debt on Dec. 31. ISO."), amounted to 

 $3,811.064, paying interest at various rates from 5 

 per cent. 



Commerce and Production. The islands are 

 of volcanic origin and to a great extent mountain- 

 ous. The rugged ranges of mountains and lava 

 rock are infertile, but the larger part of the surface 

 of the islands consists of arable land of remarkable 

 productiveness. The sugar lands produce twice the 

 crop of West Indian land, and two thirds of the 

 area adapted to this culture are already taken up. 

 The crop nets about $65 a ton or $100 for the prod- 

 uct of an acre requiring fifteen months' cultivation, 

 if milled on half shares. Most of the owners have 

 their own mills. Two crops of rice are harvested 

 annually, the product being of a high grade, com- 

 manding good prices. This culture, which is car- 

 ried on by the Chinese, can be largely increased. 

 Cattle-raising is profitably carried on in some of 

 the islands, and in certain localities sheep-growing 

 is the principal industry. The food plants and 

 fruit trees (some indigenous, others acclimated) are 

 very abundant and diversified, and in bananas, pine- 

 apples, and cocoanuts a profitable export trade is 

 carried on. The taro plant, which furnishes the 

 staple food of the people, and the sweet potato and 

 the yam grow in abundance. Grapes, figs, pome- 

 granates, guava, alligator pears, papaia fruit, and 

 Ohea apples grow spontaneously. Tobacco is raised 

 plentifully by the natives for their own use. It 

 flourishes admirably, but owing probably to the ab- 

 sence of the proper ferment or perhaps of skill in 

 curing, the flavor of the leaf is coarse. A recentlv 

 introduced and prospectively profitable crop is 

 coffee, which can be produced of an excellent qual- 

 ity in the gulches and on the uplands and mountain 

 sides. The Government seeks to promote the culti- 

 vation of coffee, as there are extensive tracts adapted 

 to this product. The principal article of exporta- 

 tion is sugar, the exports of which in 1895 were 

 valued at $7,976,000, against $8.474.000 in 1894 and 

 $10,201.000 in 1893. The exports of rice likewise 

 fell off from $327,000 in 1894 to $162.000 in 1895. 

 The value of the banana exports was $103.000 in 

 1895, against $125,000 in 1894. The chief articles 

 of importation are provisions, groceries, clothing, 

 grain, timber, machinery, hardware, and cotton 

 cloth. The total value of the imports in 1895 was 

 $5.713.000, of which $4,516.000 came from the 

 United States, 8471.000 from Great Britain. $224.- 

 000 from China. $207.000 from Japan, $123.nnu 

 from Australia, $111,000 from Germany, and $62.- 

 000 from other countries. The total value of the ex- 

 ports was $8,358,000. of which $8.337,000 went to 

 the United States, $3.000 to Australia, and $18,000 

 to other countries. In 1894 the total imports were 

 $5.713.000, and exports $9.053.000 in value. 



Navigation. There were entered at the port of 

 Honolulu 318 vessels in 1895. of 337.S17 tons, and 

 cleared 312. of :>39.!70 tons. The merchant marine 

 in 1895 numbered 52 vessels, of 21.67* tons. Of 

 these. 23 constituted the fleet of steamboats fur- 

 nishing intercommunication between the islands. 



Communications. There are 70 miles of rail- 

 roads on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu. 

 The telegraphs and telephones furnish communica- 

 tion between all the principal points. The postal 

 traffic in 1894 was !.:>:>:!. 196 pieces in the internal 

 and 921,559 in the external service. 



Political A flairs. While the members of the 

 (io\ i-niipient and their supporters have stead:. 

 clung to the policy of seeking annexation to the 

 United States, a party opposed to annexation has 

 sprung up among (iermaii owners of sugar planta- 

 tions and others who are actuated in their p 

 ance to admission to the American Union either as 

 a State or a Territory by the consideration that con- 

 tract labor would be certainly forbidden, and the 

 supply of cheap laborers from China and Japan cut 

 off. Annexationists see in the possible lapse of the 

 reciprocity treaty a danger to the sugar intejvM 

 greater than the loss of servile labor. Many think 

 it feasible to extend the plan of dividing the large 

 sugar estates and allotting the land to planters who 

 will largely do their own work. The diversifica- 

 tion of agriculture is expected to increase the num- 

 ber Of small planters and lead to a solution of 

 the labor problem. The hope of annexation has 

 united many diverse elements in support of the re- 

 public, and has not grown weaker. The islands, 

 by virtue their geographical position, belong com- 

 mercially to the United States, and in political and 

 social sentiment the ties are even closer, their civil- 

 ization having been brought about by American 

 agencies, both Christian and commercial, the schools 

 and teachers, laws and lawyers, habits of life, dress, 

 occupations, currency, and amusements being main- 

 ly American. The Hawaiian annexationists have 

 been very desirous of a cable between the United 

 States and Pearl harbor or other point in the is- 

 lands. Applications for a cable franchise have been 

 made by three American companies and one English 

 company. A bill to tax incomes above $2.000 was 

 signed by President Dole on June 12, the tax being 

 1 per cent. A loan for refunding the public debt 

 at 4 percent, interest was authorized to be nego- 

 tiated in London. A special loan of $2.000,000 for 

 public improvements was approved, the bonds, 

 bearing 5 per cent, interest, to be placed in Hono- 

 lulu as funds are needed. Of the proceeds of this 

 loan $850,000 was authorized to be expended in 

 two years. On Oct. 23 the Council of State granted 

 a full pardon to ex-Queen Liliuokalani, who had 

 been convicted of complicity in the Royalist plot 

 of 1893 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 

 Alter her release the ex-Queen visjted the United 

 States. 



HAYTI, a republic on the island of Hayti in the 

 West Indies. The legislative body is the National 

 Assembly, consisting of a Senate, of 39 members, 

 and a House of Commons, containing 95 members, 

 elected for three years by the direct vote of all adult 

 male Haytians. The Senators are elected for six 

 years by the House of Commons from a list pre- 

 pared partly by the President and partly by the 

 electors, one third of them being replaced every two 

 years. The President is elected by the two houses 

 united in the National Assembly, and serves seven 

 years. Gen. L. M. F. Hippolyte, who entered Port 

 au Prince at the head of the revolutionary troops 

 on Sept. 2. 1889. was elected President on" Oct. 17 

 of that year for the term ending in May. l>-'.'7. 



Area and Population. The area of the republic 

 is about 11.070 square miles. An ecclesiastical 

 enumeration made in 1894 makes the total popula- 

 tion 1.210.625. About !0 per cent, of the people 

 are of pure negro blood and the rest, with the ex- 

 ception of a minute proportion of whites, are 

 mnlattoes. French is the language of the country. 

 and the Roman Catholic is the state religion, but 

 all others are tolerated. 



Commerce. The value of the imports in 1895 

 was $(i.232.:!:!5. against $7.540.524 in 1894. and of 

 the exports $13,788,562, atrainst $11.258.763. Of 

 the imports in 1S95 s4.n-Ji.000 came from the 

 United States. $1,501.000 from France, $399.noo 



