INDIA. 



351 



states that are ruled by their own princes under the 

 supervision and control of the Endian Government 

 have ~>!i5.167 square miles, with 



a total population in 1*91 ..f 66.050.479. Tin- largest 

 is the Mohammedan state of Hyderabad, covering 

 -2. ''>:' x -.Hare miles, and having 11.537.040 inhabit- 

 ants. Baroda has 2.415.396 inhabitant-: M 

 4.943.604: Cashmere. 2.543.952 : the states of Raj- 

 putana. 12.ol6.102: the Maratha states of Indore, 

 Rewah. Gwalior. and Bhopal, and other states in 

 Central India. 10,318,812 : Travancore. in Madras. 

 2.557.736: Un-al states. 3.2!i''..379 : Punjab ft 

 4.2'i3.2*o. Of the total population of India, 85.67O.- 

 ooo speak Hindi. 41.340.000 Bengali. 19.880,000 T.-l- 

 uiru, 18,890.000 Marathi. 17,720,000 Punjabi. 15.230.- 



Tamil. 10.6^0.000 Gujarati. 9,750,000 Canarese, 

 9.010,000 Uriya. 5.930,000 Burmese. 5.430,000 Malay- 

 ulum, 3,670,000 Urdu. 2.590.000 Sindhi, 1.710.000 

 Santali. and smaller populations the Pahari, Santali, 

 A",imese, Gondi, Marwadi, Pushtu. Karen, Tulu, 

 Kol, Kachhi. gypsy, Oraon. and Kond tongues. 

 The English-speaking population numbered 238,- 

 499 in 1891 ; the number of British birth was 100.- 

 551. The total number born outside of India was 

 661.637, of whom 478.656 came from neighboring 

 countries. 60.519 from remote Asiatic countries. 

 10.095 from Continental Europe, America, and 

 Australia, and 11.816 from Africa. The emigra- 

 tion of coolies in 1894 was 17.932. against 12.636 

 in 1893 and 13.751 in 1892 : of these. 1.029 went 

 to Mauritius, 3.429 to Natal. 3.896 to the British 

 YV,-t Indies. 7.277 to British Guiana, 1,082 to the 

 Fiji Islands, and 1.219 to Surinam. The average 

 death rate in British India was 25'52 per thousand 

 in 1893. whereas in 1880 it was only 20-98. The 

 largest Indian cities are Calcutta, with 861.764 in- 

 habitants: Bombay, with 821,764; Madras, with 

 452.518; Hyderabad, with 415,039: Luc-know, with 

 273.02*: aiid Benares, with 219.467. Mandalay. 

 Cawnpur. Bangalore. Rangoon, Lahore. Allahabad. 

 Agra. Patna. Poonah. and Jaipur have over 150.000; 

 11 others have over 100.000. 37 more over 50.000, 

 40 between 35.000 and 50.000, and 109 smaller 

 have over 20.000. 



Finances. The final accounts for 1894-'95 give 

 as the total ordinary irn> ; iwi-nue Rx 95.187.429. 

 of which the land tax produced Rx 25.4(>s272: the 

 opium duty. Kx 7.323.757: the salt monopoly. Rx 

 8.665.749: "stamps. Kx 4.c,25.tiMi : ,. xc -ise. Rx 5,627,- 

 676: provincial taxes. Rx 3.541.154: customs. Rx 



1,955; licenses. Rx 1.808.06" Rx 1.631.- 



-M-ation. Rx 4K200: tributes, Rx THu 

 070 ; interest. Rx Nl5.o<'>2 : posts, telegraphs, and 

 mint, Rx 2,645.61*: legislation and justice. Rx 

 679.360: police. Rx 406.222: marine. Rx 154.883: 

 public instruction. Rx 3 V ^.-195 : public works. R\ 

 24.275.452: the military department. Rx I.oin.l<.i7: 

 miscellaneous sources, Rx 1.227.019. The total ex- 

 penditures amounted to Rx 94. 494. 3 1!. of which 

 the interest on the debt took Rx 5.124.017 : repay- 

 ments. Rx 1. 7Mi.no.-,; cost of collection. Rx 7.935.- 

 136: posts, telegraphs, and mint. Rx 2.4(16.175: 

 administration. Rx 2.o > *i;.<.Ki3 ! u r i-lation and jus- 

 tice. Rx 3.975.715: police. Rx 3.9s ( .i.oo:; ; the navy. 

 Rx 672.642 : foreign affairs. Rx *97.5*4 : public in- 

 struction, Rx 2.012.611 : ecclesiastical and medical 

 affairs. Rx 1.20O.751 ; pensions and aid. Rx 5. 

 693 : printing office, etc.. Rx 967.012 : famine relief 

 and insurance. Rx 610.235 : public works. Rx 31.- 

 9l7.*30: the army. Rx 24.313.958; provincial defi- 

 cits. Rx 560.860. 



The improvement in the revenue over the origi- 

 nal estimate was Rx 2.*23.<>96. The rise in the 

 price of opium accounted for Rx 1.569.000. There 

 was an increase of Rx 941.000 in customs, due 

 mainly to the taxation imposed at the beginning of 

 the year. The increase of expenditure was Rx 



l.^vjs nnn. which was more than accounted for by a 

 l"-s ,,f Rx 2.121.46S in exchange. The average 

 value of the rupee was KM'/, instead of ] j. 

 estimated. The total expenditure wa- Rx *48,000 

 under the estimate: instead of the cMimated de- 

 ficiency of Rx 301.900 there was a surplus of Rx 

 693.100. The total loss by exchange amounted to 

 Rx 14.615,300, being 26 p. -r cent, (.f the total net 

 expenditure. 



The budget for 1895-'96 made the total receipts 

 Rx 96^84.800 and the total expenditure Rx !H; 

 000. In the revised budget of ]s95-'96 the Gov- 

 ernment had to provide for the unexpected 

 dition to Chitral. which cost Rx 1.600.000, besides 

 which the addition to the famine insurance fund 

 was Rx 530,000, the revision of the cotton duties 

 entailed a loss of Rx 260.000, and Rx 400.000 were 

 repaid to the provincial governments. Neverthe- 

 less the revised estimates showed a surplus of Rx 

 905.000 and the gross accounts one of Rx 1.604.000. 

 Revenue showed an increase of Rx 873.000. of which 

 Rx 532,000 was due to a further improvement in 

 opium. The remission of the cotton duties, on the 

 other hand, cost Rx 495,000. The saving in ex- 

 change was Rx 1.601,000, the price of the rupee, 

 estimated at 13-(W.. having been 13'68rf. 



In framing the budget for the year ending March 

 31, 1897. Sir James Westland. the Indian Minister 

 of Finance, was able to arrive at a surplus of Rx 

 463.000 by reducing the famine grant from Rx 

 1.500.000 to Rx 1.000.000 a year and by estimating 

 the rate of exchange at a figure which, though 

 apparently justified by the course of the market, 

 was much higher than he would have ventured to 

 propose a year before. In the space of ten years 

 new taxation to the extent of Rx 6.000.000 o'r Rx 

 7.000.000 per annum has been laid upon the Indian 

 people, and during the same period an equal 

 amount has been added by the expansion of pre- 

 existing taxes. Of this. Rx 2,300.000 represents 

 the augmentations in the salt revenue, and Rx 4,- 

 600.000 more is levied on the land, both additional 

 burdens resting on the poorest classes. For the 

 extensive public works contemplated by the Gov- 

 ernment a loan of Rx 4.000.000 was authorized to 

 be raised at 3 per cent. The rise of the rupee and 

 the improvement in the finances, changing a defi- 

 cit of Rx 1.500.000 in 1894 to a surplus of Rx 

 1.600.000 in 1896. had a favorable influence on the 

 credit of India in the London market : whereas a 

 4-per-cent. loan could only be floated below par in 



in 1*96 the 3-per-cent. loan was covert-' i 

 eral times over and taken at 110. The consolidated 

 on March 31. 1895. amounted to Rx 2l*.37!i.- 

 566. of which Rx 104.373.740 were payable in India 

 and Rx 114.005.826 in England. The unfunded 

 debt was Rx 13.907.320. making the total liabilities 

 Rx 232,286,886. 



The Army. Under the act of Parliament passed 

 in 1893. which went into force on April 1. 1895. the 

 Indian troops are united into one army, the - 

 rate commands of the Bombay and Madras presi- 

 dencies being done away with. There are now 4 

 corps, each under a lieutenant general, and the 

 whole army is directly commanded by the com- 

 mander-in-chief and controlled by the Government 

 of India. The Punjab command consists of 3 Brit- 

 ish and 15 native regiments of cavalry. 14 British 

 and 40 native battalions of infantry. 17 British and 

 5 native field batteries, and 5 batteries of British 

 and 1 of native fortiv-s artillery, with 2 native 

 companies of engineers, the total strength for 

 being 20.633 British and 40>95 nati The 



Bengal command comprises 3 regiments of British 

 and 9 of native cavalry. 17 British and 25 native in- 

 fantry battalions. 1* British field and 9 British for- 

 tress batteries. 2 native mountain batteries, and 1 



