44:4: 



MADAGASCAR. 



MAINE. 



In March the brigand tribes all over the island 

 renewed their activity and committed deeds of vio- 

 lence, now against the Hovas, who no longer held 

 them in check, and now against white men and 

 Christians. Gradually all the elements of heathen 

 opposition to foreigners and Christianity and sav- 

 age revolt against all law and civilization united in 

 a patriotic campaign of massacre and pillage. The 

 French occupation reawakened the old hatred of 

 all white men and foreigners and united all fac- 

 tions, tribes, and races against the French con- 

 querors. Riotous insurgent bands roved through 

 the forests, surrounding Christian villages without 

 warning, putting the inhabitants to death if they 

 resisted, and, if they submitted, seizing and carry- 

 ing off their chattels. Before the middle of sum- 

 mer between 300 or 400 churches were burned, and 

 white missionaries as well as hundreds of native 

 teachers and converts were slain. In the south the 

 rebel chieftain, Rainibetsimisaraka, made himself 

 master of the Betsileo province and cut off all 

 communications with the capital. In May he 

 raided the stations of the Norwegian Lutheran 

 missionaries and burned 50 of their churches. lie 

 attacked and destroyed the town of Antsirabe, 

 where about 60 white women and children and in- 

 valids were defended valiantly by the French gar- 

 rison of 27 men against 1,500 assailants until, when 

 ammunition, food, and water were about exhausted, 

 a relieving party of 250 soldiers under the Mala- 

 gasy governor arrived and put the besieging force 

 to flight. The Sakalavas became the most deter- 

 mined and fanatical of the rebellious peoples, clos- 

 ing all communications between Antananarivo and 

 Mojanga. The road on the other side of the island 

 to Tamatave was rendered unsafe by brigands. 

 The rebellion spread through Imerina till it em- 

 braced the whole of the western and southern dis- 

 tricts and was rife also in the north. Attacks 

 were made upon the capital and upon the French 

 forts. Provision trains and the mails were con- 

 stantly stopped and plundered. The disbanded 

 soldiers of the Queen's army joined the rebels for 

 the sake of pillage, and, although the Hovas were 

 the most loyal of the tribes except the Betsileo, it 

 became apparent after Gen. Gallieni came that the 

 organizers and ringleaders of the rebellion were 

 courtiers of the Queen and men in authority in 

 Antananarivo. Under the system of civil admin- 

 istration M. Laroche and Gen. Duchesne, with 

 their garrison of 3,000 men, could do little to re- 

 press the Fahavalo brigandage and rebellion car- 

 ried on by 20,000 insurgent guerrillas in all parts of 

 the island. The flying columns that they sent out 

 only aggravated the condition of the peaceful and 

 Christian population ; for after a village had been 

 relieved or protected by a French force, the Faha- 

 valos invariably returned to punish the villagers 

 for receiving the foreigners or Hovas. Gen. Gallieni 

 adopted sterner military measures. The French 

 troops were as unable as ever to come upon the 

 rebel bands that were familiar with all the nooks 

 of the island, and marched without baggage four 

 times as fast as their pursuers could move. But 

 the chiefs of .the anti-French party at the capital 

 were made to feel the power of their conquerors, and 

 when the prime movers of the revolt were out of 

 the way the disturbances were quickly brought 

 within bounds. The Queen's Minister of the Inte- 

 rior, Rainandrianampandry, was tried by court- 

 martial at Antananarivo in October, found guilty 

 of complicity in the rebellion, and put to death. 

 Prince Ratsimanga, an uncle of the Queen, was 

 executed for the same offense. The Prime Minister, 

 Rainitsincazafy, was dismissed in disgrace, and no 

 one was appointed to succeed him. Princess Rama- 

 sindrazana, the Queen's aunt, was accused of being 



an English agent and exiled to Ste. Marie with her 

 secretary, Capt. Fitz James. With considerable 

 forces the French commanders cleared the country 

 immediately surrounding the capital of rebels. 

 Col. Gonard surrounded a large band in the north, 

 and killed 163. Capt. Thevenin was alike success- 

 ful south of Antananarivo. Military operations 

 were carried on also in the outlying districts. At 

 Imerimandroso Col. le Camus rescued the English 

 prospector, Hutchinson, who had been held a pris- 

 oner four months. After the execution of the lead- 

 ers Gen. Gallieni issued a proclamation in which 

 he said that the people of the lower classes who 

 had been betrayed by those high in authority into 

 becoming Fahavalos or rebels should not suffer 

 alone, but that all persons, great and small, would 

 be compelled to return to duty or experience 

 French justice, which is equal for all, of which the 

 Government of the republic had just given proof 

 by abolishing slavery. In December he informed 

 the Minister of the Colonies that he was almost 

 complete master of the insurrection in Imerina, 

 having driven the last bands back into the forests, 

 where arrangements were completed to harass them 

 and track them down. 



MAINE, a New England State, admitted to the 

 Union March 15, 1820 ; area, 33,040 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial census 

 since admission, was 298.269 in 1820; 399,455 in 

 1830 ; 501.793 in 1840 ; 583.169 in 1850 ; 628,279 in 

 1860 : 626.915 in 1870 ; 648,936 in 1880 ; and 661,086 

 in 1890. Capital, Augusta. 



(government. The following were the State offi- 

 cers during the year : Governor, Henry B. Cleaves ; 

 Secretary of State, Nicholas Fessenden ; Treasurer, 



F. M. Simpson ; Attorney-General, F. A. Powers ; 

 Superintendent of Schools, W. W. Stetson ; Adju- 

 tant General, Selden Connor; Commissioner of La- 

 bor, S. W. Matthews ; Insurance Commissioner, S. 

 W. Carr; Forest Commissioner, Charles E. Oak; 

 Bank Examiner, F. E. Timberlake ; Liquor Com- 

 missioner, J. W. Wakefield ; State Librarian, L. D. 

 Carver ; Superintendent of Public Buildings, E. C. 

 Stevens; Inspector of Prisons, Augustus W. Gil- 

 man ; Railroad Commissioners, J. B. Peaks, B. F. 

 Chadbourne, Frederick Danforth : Commissioner of 

 Sea and Shore Fisheries, 0. B. Whitten ; Commis- 

 sioners of Inland Fisheries and Game, L. T. Carle- 

 ton, C. E. Oak, H. 0. Stanley ; Cattle Commissioners, 



G. W. H. Bailey, T. 0. Beal, J. M. Deering ; State 

 Assessors, Otis Hayford, George Pottle, W. C. Mar- 

 shall; Commissioner of Wrecks, W. F. Walker; 

 Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, B. W. Mr- 

 Keen ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John A. 

 Peters ; Associate Justices, Charles W. Walton, An- 

 drew P. Wiswell, Lucilius A. Emery, Enoch Foster, 

 W. P. Whitehouse, Thomas H. Haskell, and Sewall 

 C. Strout all Republicans except Justice Strout. 



Finances. The report of the State assessors, ren- 

 dered in January, 1897, shows the number of polls 

 returned to be 180.176, an increase for the past two 

 years of 3,491. This indicates an increase in popu- 

 lation of about 15,000. 



The total valuation of the State is $328 500,994. 

 The increase over two years ago thus indicated is 

 $4,022,628. The wild lands and timber rights are 

 valued at $17.529.865. Live stock shows a reduc- 

 tion approximately of $700,000 from 1894. The 

 number of horses is 132,334, an increase of 7,150 over 

 1894. The number of cows is 146,044, an increase 

 of 4,782 above 1894. The number of sheep returned 

 was 276,386, a loss of 48,164 from 1894. The report 

 says : " We have to meet the depreciated condition of 

 values of all classes of property, both real and per- 

 sonal. We find that the late act relative to ship- 

 ping places the present value at $2.531.693, against 

 the value in 1894 of $6,346,228. While real-estate 



