FnK'KIGN. 



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601 



sat in the Chamber, first as a Gambettist and then 

 n-me Left, until in .Jan- 

 uary. 1**2. Gambella silenced his opposition by ap- 

 j>ointing him Prefect of the Seine, in which capacity 

 he took the side of the municipality in the sir 

 for autonomous government, Resigning in the fall 

 of 18 s "-'. lie re-, -in. -red the Chan be earliest 



one to propose the banishment of pretenders ; 

 throne, and was one of the sharpest assailants of 

 Jules Ferry, though related to him by marriage. In 

 '.ccted president of the Chamber, 

 which post he resigned in April, 1888, to become 

 Prime Minister. It was the remonstrance of the 

 Russian ambassador that impelled M. Grew to re- 

 call the commission he had given to M. Floq . 

 form a ministry once before, but he was now eli- 

 gible, having with the aid of the Russian ami 

 dor. Baron Mohrenheim, persuaded the Russian 

 Government to waive its objections to the man who 

 had insulted the Czar. Floquet goaded Gen. Bou- 

 langer. who was aiming at a dictatorship, into such 

 a passion by his sarcastic taunts that the popular 

 hero challenged him to a duel. To the amusement 

 of France, the man of arms was wounded by the 

 civilian. In 18*9 Floquet was elected president of 

 the Chamber again. He made an excellent presid- 

 ing officer, and aspired to the presidency of the re- 

 public, for which he was the Radical candidate in 

 1887. But his career was suddenly cut short by 

 the Panama disclosures. He admitted having ex- 

 erted influence over the newspaper subsidies of the 

 canal company, and was charged with accepting 

 money from the company for political pur: 

 The result was that he lost his seat in the elections 

 of 1893. In the following January M. Goblet left 

 the Senate, to accept a mandate for the lower 

 house, and M. Floquet was elected a Senator from 

 Paris. As a member of the Radical minority in 

 that body and with the pall still unlifted from his 

 private reputation, he cut no great figure there. 

 Though one of the most active and combative of 

 the Radical Republicans, a keen and ready debater, 

 with gifts of wit and eloquence, and delightful and 

 affable in social intercourse. Floquet left no lasting 

 impress or marked achievement in French politics. 



Foamier. Telesphoiv. a Canadian jurist, born 

 in 18-24: died May 10. I*.M;. He was called to the 

 bar of Lower Canada in 1*46. attained the dignity 

 of Queen's counsel in 1*63. sat in the House of 

 Commons ami in the Quebec Assembly for many 

 s, was made a member of the Privy Council in 

 1*73. and during that year and till July 8. 1*74. 

 was Minister of Inland "Revenue, in the Mackenzie 

 Cabinet, then Minister of Justice till May 111. 

 and after that Postmaster-General till October of 

 the same year, when he was appointed a puisne 

 judge in the Supreme Court of the Dominion, which 

 was created by the act he had carried as Minister 

 of Justice, as also the insolvency act of 1*75. 



Frdre-Orban, M.. a Iielirian statesman, born in 

 Liege in 181:2 ; died in 1! .. -J. IV.H';. He 



was educated in his native town and studied in 

 Paris, was admitted to the bar. and practiced in 

 Liege, where he took a prominent part in the con- 

 troversy against the Catholic ministry, which led 

 to his being elected by the Liberals to the Second 

 Chamber in 1847. and to his being appointed Minis- 

 ter of Public Works. In the following year he be- 

 came Minister of Finance, which post he resigned 

 in 1852 on account of a difference with his col- 

 leagues. His controversial work " La Mainmorte 

 et la Charite" was the signal for a contest with the 

 Catholic Church for the secularization of public- 

 charities, which was made the issue of a political 

 conflict in 1*57 that resulted in the return of the 

 Liberals to power. Frere-Orban again took the Fi- 

 nance portfolio, and he gained a high reputation 



by bringing about a balance between revenue and 

 expenditure, and organizing the tinai mid 



notwithstanding the reduction made in the tariff 

 and the in \penditure. II 



rryout important public works and to build 

 fortifications at Antwerp. When the French 

 eminent in 1*<'>9 attempted through a private com- 

 pany to gain control of the Luxemburg rail) 

 Frere-Orban took a firm stand and displ, 

 diplomatic talent in safeguarding the : 

 his country. He was the leading spirit in the Lib- 

 eral Cabinet and in the nation till the election of 



brought back the I'ltramontaiies to ] 

 When the Liberals had their t'.irn again in 187J 

 became Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

 The secularization of the national schools was car- 

 ried out with a firm and resolute spirit, and all dif- 

 ficulties thrown in the way were overcome by his 

 skill and energy. When the conflict with the hier- 

 archy over the school laws was at its height in 1*79 

 he broke off diplomatic relations with the Vatican 

 because the Pope declined to rebuke the recalci- 

 trant and seditious attitude of the bishops. The 

 Roman Catholics triumphed and the Liberal regime 

 identified with Frere-Orban came to an end in 

 He led the opposition until he lost his seat in the 

 elections of October, 1894. Among the achieve- 

 ments of his various administrations were the re- 

 peal of the salt tax. the abolition of octrois, many 

 laws for the regulation of labor and the promoting 

 of the welfare of workingmen, the x creation of the 

 National Bank and the Caisse d'Epargne. and the 

 military defenses and armament of Belgium. 



(inliiiiberti. Luisri. an Italian prelate, born in 

 Rome. April 25. 1830 ; died at Suchstein, near Dus- 

 seldorf. May 7. l*9i;. He was for many years Pro- 

 fessor of Ecclesiastical History and of Theology in 

 the College of the Propaganda and the Roman uni- 

 versity. He founded and edited the " Monitenr de 

 Rome" as the political organ of the Vatican. 

 Pope Leo XIII appointed him Secretary of the 

 . regation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Af- 

 fairs. When Prince Bismarck submitted the dispute 

 with Spain over the possession of the Caroline Is- 

 lands to the arbitration of the Pope Mgr. Galirnberti 

 drafted the award in favor of Spain. He afterward 

 played an important part in the negotiations be- 

 tween Prussia and the Vatican for the termination 

 of the Culturkampf. As nuncio in Vienna he dis- 

 played the same genius for conciliation, and labored 

 to promote good relations with Germany as well 

 as with the Austrian court. The appointment of 

 Cardinal Stablewsky. a Polish prelate, to the see of 

 Posen in 1*91 was attributed to his exertions. He 

 was created a cardinal on Jan. 16, 1893. and was 

 one of the most influential in the college, and 

 a prominent candidate for the succession to the 

 papacy, the one on whom were chiefly centered the 

 hopes for a reconciliation between the Vatican and 

 the Quirinal. 



Geffeken. Fried rich H.. a German diplomatist 

 and jurist, born in Hamburg. !>>o. !'). 1*30: died in 

 Munich. April 30. 1896. He studied law and history 

 at Bonn and Gottingen, and in 1854 was appointed 

 secretary to the legation of the Free Towns in 

 Paris. In 185(j he was t-linri;t d'affaires for Ham- 

 burg at Berlin, and in 1*5!' was raised to the rank 

 of minister. He was Hanseatic minister in London 

 after the formation of the North German Confed- 

 eration. Returning to Hamburg in 186*. he was 

 elected a member of the Senate. In 1872 he ac- 

 cepted the professorship of International Law and 

 Political Economy at Stra^burg. He retired and re- 

 turned to Hamburg in 1**1. and in 1889 removed 

 to Munich. This migration was the result of a 

 flict with Prince Bismarck, who caused Prof. Geffeken 

 to be arrested on the charge of treason for having 



