oBITUAKIES. FoRKKiN. (SAY SroTT-Sn 



613 



High School, and founded or endowed other benevo- 

 lent institutions in India, including the Mechanic's 

 Institute and a hospital in Bombay. The firm built 

 at Bombay the first wet dock in western India. 

 Their silk and cotton mills employ a large amount 

 of native labor, and in their elates in Bengal 15.- 

 (MM) ryots are employed. Albert Sassoon became a 

 member of the Legislative Council of Bombay in 

 . was knighted in ls72. was the first Anglo-In- 

 dian to receive the freedom of the city of London 

 in 1*73. and was created a baronet in 1MMI. 



Say. Joan Baptist? Leon, a French statesman, 

 born in Paris. June 6,182(3: died there April 21. 

 l s '.n;. As a grandson of Jean Baptiste Say lie was 

 drawn by tradition and natural bent to the study 

 of political economy and to the doctrines of com- 

 mercial freedom inculcated by the classical school 

 of economists. His father, Horace Emile Say. at 

 one time a resident of the United States, was also 

 an expositor of the orthodox economy and the 

 principles of individual liberty and noninterfer- 

 ence. Leon became a frequent contributor, after 

 receiving a university education, to the "Journal 

 des Economistes " and the " Annuaire de 1'Econo- 

 mie Politique." assisted his father in an inquiry 

 into the industries of Paris undertaken at the in- 

 stance of the Chamber of Commerce, developed into 

 a political journalist, writing for the "Journal des 

 Debats." became a part owner of that paper after 

 marrying the daughter of Edouard Berlin, the direc- 

 tor and manager, and in time came to be the chief 

 owner and managing editor. In politics he was 

 known as a member of the Opposition to the em- 

 pire when he presented himself as a candidate fora 

 seat in the Corps Legislatif in 1869. In 1871 he 

 was elected to the National Assembly, and in the 

 same year M. Thiers appointed him prefect of the 

 Seine. He introduced reforms in the administra- 

 tion of Paris such as his father when President of 

 the Chamber of Commerce had endeavored to bring 

 about. Notwithstanding Leon Say's free-trade 

 doctrines, Thiers. on Dec. 7. 18?'-?. called him into 

 his Cabinet as Minister of Finance. Under his ad- 

 mirable management the five milliards of war in- 

 demnity were paid off with remarkable rapidity 

 without any serious derangement of business, and 

 thus he earned the lasting gratitude of the nation 

 by helping to rid France of the presence of the con- 

 querors. He quitted office with Thiers and the rest 

 of the Cabinet on May 24. 1873. but resumed the 

 portfolio of Finance in the Buffet ministry, formed 

 in March. 1875. He retained this portfolio in the 

 Dufaure Cabinet, formed on May 10, 1876. and 

 when Jules Simon formed a Cabinet on Dec. 13, 

 1876. but retired with the latter on Mav 17. 1877. 

 When M. Dufaure formed another ministry in De- 

 cember, 1877. he called on M. Say again to take 

 charge of the Ministry of Finance. In August. 

 1878, he presided over the International Monetary 

 Conference held in Paris. When President Grevy 

 canie in, and M. Waddington formed a Cabinet, the 

 Finance portfolio was left in M. Say's hands. He 

 finally retired with that Premier on" Dec. 17. 1S7!. 

 and resumed his place among the members of the 

 Left Center. He labored in office and in Opposi- 

 tion to check extravagant expenditures. His ten- 

 ure of office was each time the signal of fiscal pros- 

 perity, and the principles that he enunciated have 

 guided the administration of those of his succ. - 

 who have accomplished the best results. In April, 

 1880, M. Say was appointed ambassador at London 

 with the special object of conducting negotiations 

 for the renewal of the treaty of commerce. The 

 questions at issue were connected chiefly with the 

 English duty on French wines and the French dim- 

 on woolens. He soon despaired of being able to 

 reach an acceptable arrangement, and resigned after 



a few weeks, in order to become a candidate for the 

 presidency of the Senate, to which lie was eli 

 on May 25. He \\.- : the 



Senate on Jan. 20. issl. but resigned to take tin- 

 port folio of Finance in the Cabinet formed by M. 

 de Fivycinet on Jan. :JO. 1^ S 2. This Cabinet ] . 

 out of office in a few months, and with it 1. 



official career and political power came to an 

 end. He had been a firm, though not entlm-; 

 supporter of. the republic, rejecting the overtures 

 made by some of his old friends in its early days 

 to aid in bringing back a monarchical system. 

 When the center of gravity shifted over to the 

 Radical side he contended a< vigorously ami ear- 

 nestly as ever for the principles that were no longer 

 dominant. He was elected president of the reunion 

 of the Left Center in the Senate in 18*3 and was 

 one of the founders of the Liberal Republican Un- 

 ion. In 1889 he was an active and influential op- 

 ponent of Boulangism. and in order to fight it he 

 resigned his seat in the Senate and secured an elec- 

 tion to the Chamber of Deputies from Pan. In 

 hij newspaper and in his published works he con- 

 tended against state socialism in ajl its forms. He 

 published " Theorie des Changes Strangers," " l.< - 

 Finances de France: Une annee de discussion" 

 ; - cialisme d'Etat ' Lea Solu- 



tions democratiques de la question des Im; 

 (1886); and "Turgot" (1887). He was elected to 

 the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 

 1874 and to a chair in the French Academy in 1886 

 as successor to Edmond About. 



Schumann. Clara, a German musician, born in 

 Leipsic, Sept. 13. 1819: died in Frankfort-on-the- 

 Main. May 20. 1896. She was taught by her father, 

 Friedrich Wieck. began to play in public at the age 

 of nine, and rapidly made her mark as a pianist of 

 the first rank. After creating a sensation in her 

 father's Gewandhaus concerts at Leipsic when only 

 twelve years old. she traveled over Europe, and was 

 a favorite of Berlin, Vienna, and Paris audiences, 

 confining herself to the interpretation of Bee- 

 thoven. Robert Schumann's romantic attachment 

 to her inspired some of his loveliest and most char- 

 acteristic compositions. After surmounting serious 

 and violet opposition, they were married in 1840, 

 and her husband developed her style and extended 

 her repertory to Chopin and the newer schools. 

 After his tragic death, in 1850. she devoted herself 

 mainly to securing recognition for his creations. 

 She taught in the conservatory of Frankfort and 

 played in the principal European cities. In the ex- 

 pression of deep emotion and in dignity of style and 

 breadth and variety of tone she was peerless. Her 

 own compositions, extending only to Opus 23. are 

 admirable in form and marked by poetic feeling 

 and insight. 



Scott-Siddons. Mrs. Mary Frances, an English 

 actress, born in India in 184*4: died in Paris. Nov. 

 19, 1896. Her father, a grandson of Sarah Siddons, 

 was a captain in the military service of the East 

 India Company. After his death her mother, who 

 resided in Somersetshire, encouraged her daughter's 

 genius for the stage. She married Lieut. Canter of 

 the navy, who changed his name to Scott-Siddons 

 because his father objected to the use of the family 

 name on the stage. After a struggle Mrs. Scott- 

 Siddons secured an engagement and made her pro- 

 fessional debuf at Nottingham, in 1866. as Portia 

 in the " Merchant of Venice." She was well re- 

 ceived there and in Edinburgh, and in the follow- 

 ing year attained a great success as a Shake- 

 spearean reader in London, where in 1868 she 

 played the part of Rosalind in " As You Like It " 

 at the Haymarket. and afterward appeared as 

 Juliet, drawing immense audiences. Her beauty 

 and grace of person contributed more to her sue- 



