OL IT r. \UIES, FOREIGN. T, IIEREVI.V TRIKOI-PIP.) 



615 



the " R^pnblique Francaise." He v, from 



Paris to the Chamber in 1876. and intert-ted him- 



illy in educational and religious quo' 

 When Grambetta formed his short-lived ministry in 

 November. 1**1. in- appointed M. Spullcr liis ,-- 

 ant in tlie Ministry of Foreign Affairs. M. Spuller 

 v,-;t- afterward a prominent member of tlie Budget 

 Committee, then a member for a constituei: 



i'< >r. having been defeated in Paris by an Ex- 

 treme Radical in 18*5. and was called in 1887 into 

 the Cabinet of M. Tirard as Minister of Education. 

 In 18*9 he became Minister of Foreign Affairs un- 

 der Tirard. and was one of the keei nists 

 of Boulangism. He was elected a Senator for the 

 ;'< >r in 1*92. and in 1 S '.M l-.-ame Minister of 

 Education in the Cabinet of Casimir-Perier. He 

 expounded the "new spirit " of Moderate Repub- 

 licans toward the Church, the abandonment of the 

 attitude expressed in Gambetta's formula. " Le Cli'ri- 

 fulixi/tr. c'f-xt I'vittnii." In 1*93 he was commis- 

 i by President Carnot to form a Cabinet, but 

 he renounced the honor in favor of M. Casimir- 

 Perier. M. Spuller was an able literary critic and 

 the author of studies of Lamennais. Michelet, Loy- 

 ola, and other subjects. 



Tcherevin, Gen., a Russian soldier, born in 

 Kostroma; died in St. Petersburg. March 2. 

 He distinguished himself in the Polish campaign, 

 commanded the Czar's Cossack bodyguard in the 

 latter part of the Turkish war of 1877. having pre- 

 viously performed gallant services in the field, and 

 from \S~S to 188U wa> assistant chief of gendarmes 

 and head of the third section of the Czar's Cabinet, 

 or the secret political police. Alexander III gave 

 him unlimited authority in all matters connected 

 with his personal safety. When once attacked by a 

 Nihilist-. Gen. Tcherevin gave his assailant a horse- 

 whipping. He became subsequently Assistant Min- 

 ister of the Interior, and still retained charge of all 

 the special guards and detective agents employed to 

 secure the safety of the Czar. 



Thomas. Charles Louis Ambroise. a French 

 composer, born in Metz. Aug. 5. 1*11 : died Feb. 

 12. 1806. He was the son of a well-known Professor 

 of Music, and gained numerous prizes in the Paris 

 Conservatorium. which he entered in 1828. taking 

 finally the Roman prize in 1832. After his return 

 he lived in Paris, and soon became known as a pro- 

 lific and versatile composer of operas and other 

 music. He was elegant and correct and also popu- 

 lar and pleasing in his style. His first great suc- 

 as attained with Le Cald." in 1848. He was 

 elected successor of Spontini in the Academy of 

 Fine Arts in 18.11. was appointed an officer of pub- 

 lic instruction in December. 1809. and in 1871 suc- 

 ceeded A uber as director of the Conservatorium. 

 He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor 

 in 1868, and a grand officer in 1881. Ambroise 

 Thomas's musical compositions include : " La Double 

 Echelle" (1837): " Le Perruquier de la Regence " 



838 : -Le Panier Fleuri " (1*39. . "La Gipsy" 

 (1839); "Carlii ; Le Guerrillero " ( ; - 



Li: Sonsre d'une Nnit d'Ete " (1850) : "Raymond" 

 : " La Cour de Celimene" (1855>: "Psyche" 

 rnaval de Yen:- : " Le Ro- 



man d'Elvire'' (1860): "Mignon" (180(3): " Ham- 

 let" fin;*,: "Uilles e t Gilletin " : and "Francoise 

 de Rimini." He composed rondos, fantasies, and 

 nocturnes, also a requiem mass. 



Tiller. Sir Leonard B.. a Canadian statesman, 

 burn in' Gacretown. New Brunswick. May 8. | 

 died in St. John. June 25. 1896. He was active in 

 Dominion politics from the beginning, and became 

 Minister of Customs in 1867. 'in 1808 and 1869 he 

 was Acting Minister of Public Works. From 1*73 

 till 1878 he was Lieutenant Governor of New Bruns- 

 wick. From 1878 till 1885 he was Minister of Fi- 



nance in tlie Cabinet of Sir John Macdonald. When 



he retired lie was again appointed Lieutrhuir 



ernor of New Brunswick, and he held thj- p. ,^t till 



1^93. While he was Mini-ter of ]'; 



a M-andal concerning his advance 



disabled bank, which he justified on the ground that 



it averted a bank ci\ 



Trikoupis. Uiurilaos. a Greek -t.-tie-inan. horn 

 in Nauplia in 1*32: died in Cannes. April 11. : 

 Hi- studied law and letters in Pan- and Athens, en- 

 tered the diplomatic service a> an nttm-hr of the 

 Greek legation at London in 1*50. and in 1 S 03 be- 

 came clmrgf d'affaires. He was ambitious to take a 

 direct part in po- 

 litical affairs, and 

 was elected in 1863 

 a representative in 

 the Boule of Mis- 

 solonghi. In the 

 Chamber he soon 

 attracted notice by 

 his wide informa- 

 tion and argumen- 

 tative powers. In 

 1866 he was made 

 Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs. As 

 he had not attached 

 himself to the fol- 

 lowing of any one 

 of the political 

 leaders, he was se- 

 lected to form a 

 provisional Cabi- 

 net in 1875. when 

 the forces of the 

 four recognized leaders were so evenly balanced 

 that none of them could command a majority. He 

 was compelled to resign after a few months, and then 

 he resumed his independent position in the Cham- 

 ber. In 1*77. when the Eastern question was opened 

 by the Russo-Turkish War and the partition of the 

 Ottoman Empire seemed likely. Trikoupis, as the 

 best acquainted with diplomacy and European poli- 

 tics, was called upon to take the portfolio of For- 

 eign Affairs in the non partisan, patriotic Canaris 

 ministry. The Greeks were sadly disappointed when 

 the powers, to which they looked for support, se- 

 cured for them no adequate compensation in the 

 changes that were wrought in the Turkish Empire. 

 They began to prepare for independent action, but 

 before they were ready the war was over. The 

 Canaris ministry went out. and Delyannis succeeded 

 Trikoupis. and Coumoundouros. in" 1*80. attempted 

 to reorganize the army and navy, but the Boule 

 would not vote the necessary money. Trikoupis 

 then succeeded Coumoundouros. but had to retire 

 after four months because the Western powers 

 failed to induce Turkey to cede territories to Greece. 

 Two years later the powers intervened and gave 

 Thessaly to Greece, but this failed to satisfy the 

 Hellenes, who drove Coumoundouros from office. 

 Trikoupis then came in again, and remained long 

 enough to develop his policy for the realization of 

 Greek aspirations. He knew that if Greece was to 

 play a great part in southeastern Europe and com- 

 mand the support of the powers it was necessary to 

 develop the financial resources of the country and 

 augment the army and navy. He therefore made 

 preparations for the construction of roads, rail- 

 roads, and harbors and the building up of com- 

 merce, steamship companies, and all the require- 

 ments of a civilized power. He was defeated on a 

 minor question before he had accomplished much, 

 and though he resumed office at the request of the 

 King, his place was insecure, and in April. 1885, he 

 was beaten at the general election. In 1886 he re- 



