676 



PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL. 



tion of mind on composition or arithmetical calcu- 

 lation diminishes the rapidity of breathing. Think- 

 ing upon a beloved or desired object results in 



Alphabet (Laryngograph) 



Two lines from Gray's Elegy ( Laryngograph) 



First two lines of "Annie Laurie" (Laryngograph) 



Alphabet A-K (Labiograph) 



Two lines from Gray's Elegy (Labiograph) 



First two lines of "Annie Laurie" (Labiograph) 



peculiar lines. Under the influence of hate, the 

 bamboo needle moves rapidly and irregularly. The 

 reading of an abstruse passage in Schopenhauer or 

 Browning has led to an almost total suspension of 

 the breath for a long period. An amusing remark 

 by a spectator causes a laugh to be recorded, the 

 bamboo pointer vibrating with great rapidity. Re- 

 markable analogies are shown where high-school 

 children are submitted to exactly the same test, 

 and the results are compared with the standing of 

 the subjects in school. Certain averages have been 

 made, and Dr. Mac-Donald says the practical value 

 of the statistics, as far as positive conclusions have 

 been arrived at, is that any pupil 20 per cent, above 

 or below the average should be reported to the 

 family physician. 



Measurements of Speech. There are other im- 

 plements whose findings are registered on the smoked 

 paper of the kymograph ion the laryngograph, 

 which reproduces and records the movements of the 

 larynx in speech, and correspondingly sensitive im- 

 plements to chronicle the movements of the lips, 

 the palate, and the tongue by resting against those 

 organs while they are in use. The laryngograph is 

 so formed as to fit snugly over the external protu- 

 berance of the larynx ("Adam's apple") and press 

 closely against the throat. As the larynx of the 

 speaker is agitated this small padded clasp moves 

 up and down correspondingly, and its movement 

 is pneumatically conveyed to the bamboo finger rest- 

 ing against the smoked paper on the kymograph-ion. 

 As the subject speaks the cylinder revolves and the 

 bamboo pencil traces a zigzag white line on the 

 smoked paper. The tracing is a series of curves 

 and angles of various sizes, indicating that the lar- 

 ynx has made a characteristic movement with the 

 utterance of each letter. The laryngograph is also 

 found adapted to the measurement of song, illus- 

 trating the changes of pitch and the compass of the 



The labiograph is for noting and recording the 

 movement of the lips during utterance. Here we 

 pass from the mechanics of vocalization to the me- 

 chanics of articulation. The lips denote the char- 

 acter of speech more definitely than any other organ 

 more definitely than even the tongue, which lias 

 been credited with the chief function in conversa- 

 tion. The deaf learn to understand speech entirely 

 by the motion of the lips, and the record of the 

 labiograph should therefore become legible to them. 



To ascertain sensitiveness to pain the temple al- 

 gometer is used. This is a small rod fitting closely 

 into a hollow handle having a buttonlike end coh- 

 ered with flannel, so as to give the sensation of least 

 pain. This is pressed steadily against the temple 

 till the subject winces, when it registers the pressure 

 by a spring and a scale. 



The palm algometcr works on the same principle, 

 but is pressed against the palm instead of the temple. 



The palatemeter measures the height of the palate, 

 and the significance of its results lies in the fact 

 that 60 per cent, of the feeble-minded children have 

 a high palate. The use of this implement indicates 

 that probably three fourths of the school children 

 that have a high palate are dull. 



The dynomometer registers the strength of the 

 hand grasp. 



The craniometer is for making measurements of 

 the head. These are the most important measure- 

 ments of the human body, because the cranium in- 

 closes the brain. 



The thermcesthesiometer measures the least sensi- 

 bility to heat. It consists of two thermometers 

 fastened together. One is heated more than the 

 other, so that the subject can tell which is the 

 warmer. They are placed on the wrist and kept 

 there until the subject says they feel the same. At 

 this point the real difference between the two ther- 

 mometers is registered. 



The CKsthesiometer is an instrument to measure 

 the sense of the least distance on the skin of the 

 subject. It consists of two movable points on a 

 scale. 



There is an elaborate machine called the ergo- 



Regular breathing 







Reading philosophy 



_-^^^^ 



Multiply 439 times 7 



Reading the Bible 

 THE KYMOGRAPHION RECORD OF A CRIMINAL. 



graph, invented by Prof. Mosso, of Italy, which is 

 for the purpose of ascertaining the effect of fatigue 

 on different organizations. It consists of a frame 



