708 



SPAIN. 



free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 

 16 to 1." 



Later a convention was called to' meet in Dead- 

 wood, Aug. 27, to nominate a State and an electoral 

 ticket ; but on Aug. 18 the State Central Commit- 

 tee directed that no convention should be held, and 

 adopted the State and electoral ticket nominated 

 by the Populists. It also passed this resolution : 

 " We hereby assert our unfailing allegiance to the 

 nominees of the Democratic National Convention, 

 held at Chicago ; and we hereby ratify each and 

 every plank in the platform there adopted ; and 

 we hereby pledge to the nominees of that conven- 

 tion our hearty and cordial support." 



The State Prohibition Convention was held in 

 Huron, July 13, when candidates for presidential 

 electors and Congressmen were named, and John F. 

 Hanson was nominated for Governor. 



On July 14 the Populists met in State conven- 

 tion, in Huron, and continued two days in session, 

 many Democrats being in attendance trying to se- 

 cure united action on the tickets. Concessions were 

 made on both sides, and the platform that was 

 adopted instructed delegates to unite with free- 

 st! verites ; declared for the prohibition of private 

 monopoly of public necessities ; that all land owned 

 by railroads not in actual use should be reclaimed 

 by the Government and sold to actual settlers ; fa- 

 vored Government ownership of sufficient railroad 

 mileage to control transportation ; declared for free- 

 silver coinage at 16 to 1, postal savings banks, di- 

 rect legislation, and the election of Senators by 

 direct vote ; for more money to increase prices, and 

 legislation to maintain them ; and that prohibition 

 should be voted upon regardless of party affilia- 

 tions. Andrew E. Lee was nominated for Gov- 

 ernor. 



At the election in November the Populist candi- 

 dates for Governor and Attorney-General, three 

 Railroad Commissioners, and two representatives in 

 Congress were elected, all the other successful can- 

 didates being Republicans. The vote for Governor 

 wa,s : Lee, 41,187 : Ringsrud, 40,868 ; Hanson, 722. 

 The vote for presidential electors was : Bryan, 41,- 

 225 ; McKinley, 41,042 ; Levering, 683. The com- 

 position of the next Legislature is : Fusionists 

 Senate 26, House 46 ; Republicans Senate 18, 

 House 38. 



At the election four amendments to the Constitu- 

 tion were voted upon, all receiving large affirmative 

 majorities ; but through official mistake in the print- 

 ing of the ballots these votes were made null. One 

 of these amendments repealed the prohibitory clause 

 of the Constitution, and the friends of prohibition 

 claimed that the steps taken by the Legislature of 

 1895 in submitting the amendment were not in ac- 

 cordance with law, and applied to the Supreme 

 Court for an order directing the Secretary of State 

 to omit it from the ballot. This was denied, the 

 decision being rendered on the theory that the 

 court has no authority to interfere until the full 

 act of legislation has been completed by the action 

 of the people at the polls ; that the Legislature has 

 power to submit any question to the people, whether 

 it is a constitutional question or not, and the peo- 

 ple have the right to pass upon the question thus 

 submitted. 



SPAIN, a constitutional monarchy in southwest- 

 ern Europe. The legislative power is vested in the 

 Cortes, consisting of two Chambers. The Senate 

 has 360 members, of whom 123 are appointed for 

 life, 53 are hereditary or official members, and 180 

 elected by corporations and the highest taxpayers. 

 The Congress consists of 432 members, elected 

 by indirect suffrage for five years. The reigning 

 King is Alfonso XIII, born May 17. 1886, who suc- 

 ceeded to his father, Alfonso XII. The King's 



mother, Maria Christina, an archduchess of the 

 Hapsburg family, acts as Regent during his mi- 

 nority. The ministry in the beginning of 1896, 

 constituted on March 24, 1895, was composed as 

 follows: President of the Council, A. Canovas; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Duke of Tetuan ; 

 Minister of Justice, F. Romero Robledo ; Minister 

 of Finance, J. Navarro Reverter ; Minister of War, 

 (Jen. Azcarraga ; Minister of Marine. Admiral J. 

 Beranger ; Minister of the Interior, F. Cos Gayon ; 

 Minister of Public Works, Agriculture, and Com- 

 merce, A. Bosch ; Minister of the Colonies, T, Cas- 

 tellano. 



Area and Population. The area of Spain is 

 197.670 square miles. The population was estimated 

 in 1892 at 17,974,323. There were 151,416 marriages, 

 647,808 births, and 554,274 deaths in 1892 ; excess 

 of births, 93,534. The population of Madrid in 

 1890 was 499,270. Barcelona at the census of 1887 

 had 272.481, Valencia 170,763, Sevilla 143,182, and 

 Malaga 134,016 inhabitants. 



Finances. The budget estimate of revenue for 

 the year 1896-'97 was 773,766,261 pesetas, or francs, 

 of which 295,940,810 pesetas come from direct taxes, 

 302.135,000 pesetas from indirect internal taxes, 

 136,105,000 pesetas from customs, 22,000,000 pesetas 

 from stamps and monopolies, 22,385,451 pesetas 

 from national property, and 17,200,000 pesetas from 

 the public treasury. The expenditures are esti- 

 mated at 757,765,658 pesetas, of which 9,500,000 

 pesetas are for the civil list. 1,638,085 pesetas for 

 the legislative bodies, 314,991,533 pesetas for the 

 public debt, 1,463,859 pesetas for judicial expenses, 

 56,214,730 pesetas for indemnities and pensions, 

 964,300 pesetas for the presidency of the Council, 

 4,714,512 pesetas for foreign affairs, 53,858,240 

 pesetas for justice, 140,225,381 pesetas for the 

 army, 23,433,941 pesetas for the navy, 27,249,868 

 pesetas for the interior, 77,960,225 pesetas for 

 public works and education, 16,187,418 pesetas 

 for financial administration, 28,708,566 pesetas for 

 collection of revenue, and 655.000 pesetas for Fer- 

 nando Po. The revenue in 1895-'96 was 766,231,751 

 pesetas, and the disbursements were 788,200,758 pe- 

 setas, leaving a deficit of 21,969,007 pesetas. The 

 deficit in the year previous was 25,249,340 pesetas. 

 In six years ending in 1896 there have been paid 

 out 236,344,883 pesetas of extraordinary receipts, 

 44,920,966 pesetas for repayments, 58,000,000 pesetas 

 for the army, 71,175.678 pesetas for the navy, and 

 62,248,239 pesetas for railroads. The public debt 

 in 1896 amounted to 5,941,459,300 pesetas, of which 

 1,971.151,000 pesetas were included in foreign loans, 

 1,619,500,000 pesetas were extinguishable internal 

 loans, and 2,350,803,300 pesetas were the permanent 

 internal debt. 



The Army. By virtue of the law of July 1, 

 1885, military service is obligatory in Spain from 

 the age of nineteen, and lasts twelve years, of which 

 three are spent in the active army, three in the first 

 reserve, and six in the second reserve. Exemption 

 may be purchased for 1,500 pesetas, and substitu- 

 tion is allowed between brothers. The annual re- 

 cruit, which was before 49,000 men, was increased 

 by the law of Dec. 16, 1891. to 80,000 men. The 

 continental army of Spain is divided into 8 corps, 

 comprising 15 divisions of infantry, 1 division of 

 artillery, and 4 brigades of cavalry. The peace 

 effective for 1896 was as follows: General officers, 

 240 ; general staff, 232 officers ; infantry, 6,088 offi- 

 cers and 45,679 men ; cavalry, 1,360 officers and 

 13,139 men ; artillery, 963 officers and 8.386 men ; 

 engineers, 425 officers and 3,399 men ; telegraph 

 brigade, 7 officers and 226 men ; total, 9,315 officers 

 and 70,829 noncommissioned officers and men, with 

 14.655 horses and mules and 396 field guns. The 

 budget of 1896 fixed the strength of the active army 



