SWKDKX AND X<>KWAY. 



SWITXKUI.ANIi. 





hospitals and insane asylums, and from 



miscellaneous sources. The ordinary expenditures 



amounted T.I 55.-J71.5un kroner, and extraordinary 



U'liiu kroner. Of the ordinary 



VJ.900 kroner went t<> the civil list. 



- i-:hing. 1.2s 1.700 for the - 



Council and ministi '0 for education and 



ip, 5.'.'15>oO for justice, police, and sanitary 

 service. s.414.(i(>0 for the interior (including ; 

 telegraphs, subventions for communications, f. 

 and agriculture, stock breeding, fisheries, coin!- 

 and industry). 10.01S.200 for public works. *.>7.4ou 

 for fi " : '.i.ooo for the army. 3.754.200 for the 



navy. (S23.400 for foreign affairs, and 93.300 for ac- 

 cidental expenses. The public debt on June 30, 



. amounted to 144.313.400 kroner, paying : 

 Iv 3 and 3- per cent. The interest charge for 1895 

 was 4,438,500 kroner, and amortization 4'.- 

 kroner. The railroads were valued at 102.060,100 

 kroner: the active capital at 154.740.300 kroner. 



The Army and Navy. Under the law of June 

 16. 1885. military service is obligatory, and lasts 

 five years from the age of twenty-three in the active 

 army, four years in the Landwehr. and four years 

 in the Landsturm. Actual service with the colors 

 is required only for a period of instruction lasting 

 forty-two days for the infantry, fifty days for the 

 engineers, and seventy days for the cavalry and 

 field artillery, followed by twelve days of exer 

 and in each of the two or three succeeding years 

 twenty-four days of exercises are required. The 

 effective strength of the army is 1.700 officers and 

 instructors and 18,000 men, which can be doubled in 

 case of war. 



The war fleet consists of 2 new armor dads, of 

 3,500 tons each, with an armament of 20 guns : 4 

 ironclad monitors: 1 corvette: 4 first-class. 1. 

 ond-class. and 16 third-class gunboats : 1 torpedo 

 dispatch boat : and 3 first-class and 12 second-class 

 torpedo boats. The navy is manned by 97 officers. 

 30 aspirants. 34 employees, and 420 under officers 

 and sailors. 



Navigation. There were 6.458 Norwegian ves- 

 sels, of 1.825.319 tons, and 5.675 foreign vessels, of 

 ! | :-'.7.278 tons, entered at the ports of Norway during 

 1 s '. '4: and cleared ti.248 Norwegian vessels, of 

 1.786.- ' .reign vessels, of 929.572 



tons. Of 12,1:;: iie total number entered, 



of 2.762.597 tons. 5.944. of 1.720.392 tons, were with 

 cargoes, and 6.189. of 1.042.205 tons, in ballast. Of 

 11.801 cleared, of 2.716.415 tons. 10.486. of 2.146.109 

 tons, were with cargoes and 1,315, of 570,306 tons. 

 in ballast. 



The mercantile marine on Jan. 1, 1895. comprised 

 6.453 sailing vessels, of 1.335.275 tons, and 850 

 steamers, of 263.042 tons. 



Communications. The railroads in 1895 had a 

 total length of 1.115 miles. 



The post office in 1895 carried 26.579,800 internal 

 letters, including 1.894.200 money letters containing 



?' (0.000 kroner: 9.322.70O international le" 

 including 72.000 money letters, containing 22.loO.- 

 000 kroner: and 38,699,600 internal and ^5.007.200 

 international printed inclosures. The receipts were 

 3.575.678 kroner, and expenses 3.628.550 kroner. 



The telegraphs belonging to the Government had 

 in 1895 a total length~of 5.195 miles, with 11.164 

 miles of wire. The number of internal me 

 forwarded was 1.179.1*4 : of international mes- 

 619.935: of service dispatches. 13.036. The re- 

 ceipts were 1.431.757 kroner: expenses. 1,711.516 

 kroner. 



Commerce. The imports of merchandise in 1*95 

 were valued at 222.310.000 kroner, and exports at 

 137.300,000 kroner. Of the imports 32.200.000 kro- 

 ner were cereals. 4.700.000 fermented liquors. 2t>.- 

 000 : 000 colonial goods, 3,300,000 fruits and vege- 



000,000 animals and animal f.>< d 



14.iHHi.oiM! j etals, 6.700 



leather. 5.200.000 timber. 6,10 



.'too minerals. 11.4oo.ooo metal go,. 

 ooo- 'i.iHin p ap'-r manufactures, 1,900,000 



leather manufactures, 3,600,000 \v.,,,<j manuta. 

 l.loo.ooo drugs and d\v<. In. 71111.1 mo oil* 



"0 misce: tides. <i!' !: 



2.1(10.000 kroner wen 



'.000 animals and animal 



< M >0 met.-. - 1 leather. 27.soO.Oob 



timl' 00 miner;!:-. 



,000 tissui "i paper, i 



manufactures. 7.000,000 oils, and O.soo.ooo n 

 laneous merchandise. The commerce wa 

 Viet ween the different countries as folk 

 being given in kroner (1 krona = 2' - .- 



Political Affairs. The Odelsthing on March 13 



1 by a vote of 44 to 40 a bill for the recogni- 

 tion of a separate Norwegian flag after rejecting an 

 amendment made by the Premier with the object 

 of postponing the discussion. The whole Left 

 i for the proposition, while the minority con- 

 sisted of the members of the Right and the Moder- 

 ates. Alterations in the customs tariff were adopted 

 on June 30. and a commission was appointed to 

 draft a complete revision of the tariff in the direc- 

 tion of the protection of native industries. 



SWITZERLAND, a federal republic in central 

 Europe, consisting of 27 cantons and independent 

 half cantons. The Federal Assembly is composed 

 of the Nationalrath. containing 147 members, elect- 

 ed by direct universal adult male suffrage for three 

 years, and the Standerath. containing 2 members 

 from each canton or half canton. The executive 

 authority is vested in the Bundesrath. consisting of 

 7 members chosen by the Federal Assembly, one of 

 whom is elected annually in December to serve as 

 President of the Federation for the coming year, and 

 another to serve as Vice-President. The Federal 

 Council in 1896 was composed as follows : Presi- 

 dent and Chief of the Political Department. Adrien 

 Lachenal, of Geneva : Vice-President and Chief of 

 the Department of Industry and Agriculture, 

 Adolphe Deucher. of Thurgau : Chief of the De- 

 partment of Military Affairs. Emil Frey. of Basel- 

 Land : Chief of the Department of Justice and Po- 

 lice. Lieut. -Col. A. von Wattenswyl. of Bern : Chief 

 of the Department of Finance and Customs. \V. 

 Ha user, of Zurich : Chief of the Department of 

 - and Railroads. J. Zemp. of Lucerne. On Dec. 

 17. 1894. the Federal Assembly elected Adolphe 

 Deucher President and M. Ruffy. of Lausanne, Vice- 

 President for 1897. The Assembly also re-elected 

 the members of the Federal Council for a new tri- 

 ennial term. 



Area and Population. Switzerland has an area 

 of 15.976 square miles. The estimated population 

 in 1894 . 3. The number of marriages in 



lMi.5 wa- 22.681: of births. ss.is4: of deaths. 62.- 

 '>'* : excess of births. 25.226. The number of emi- 

 grants over the sea in 1895 was 4,266, of whom : 



