166 



BRADISH, LUTHER. 



BRAZIL. 



to the " Gentleman's Magazine," the "Phito- 

 biblon Miscellany," and other Reviews and 

 literary societies. 



BRADISH, LUTHER, an American states- 

 man and philanthropist, born in Cuminington, 

 Mass., Sept. 15th, 1783, died at Newport, R. I., 

 Aug. 30th, 1863. He was graduated at Wil- 

 liams College, Mass., in 1804, and soon after 

 commenced the study of the law ia New York, 

 with which place his interests were thenceforth 

 in a great measure identified. After having 

 made a lengthened tour in Europe,.he embark- 

 ed in 1820 on board the United States ship of 

 war Columbus for the Mediterranean, for the 

 purpose of collecting and communicating to the 

 Government information respecting the com- 

 merce of the Levant, preliminary to the estab- 

 lishment of diplomatic relations with the 

 Porte. At the conclusion of his mission he 

 travelled over many parts of Europe and the 

 East, and in 1826 returned to New York. About 

 the same time he removed to Franklin county 

 in the northern part of the State, where ho 

 owned a large landed property, was a member 

 of the Assembly 1827-'30, an unsuccessful can- 

 didate of the Anti-Masonic party for Congress 

 in 1830, and again a member of the Assembly 

 in 1835-'38, serving during his last term as 

 speaker. From 1829 to 1843 he was lieutenant- 

 governor of the State, and in 1842 he was the 

 unsuccessful whig candidate for governor. 

 Subsequently to that period he lived in retire- 

 ment, except during the administration of Pres- 

 ident Fillmore, when he filled the office of As- 

 sistant U. S. Treasurer for New York. During 

 the latter part of his life, which he passed in 

 the city of New York, he was much occupied 

 with educational, charitable, and reformatory 

 projects, and at his death was president of the 

 New York Historical Society and of the Amer- 

 ican Bible Society, having for many years 

 previous been vice-president of both associa- 

 tions, and an active participator in all their 

 proceedings. 



BRAZIL. (For statistics, see CYCLOPAEDIA for 

 1862.) Emperor Pedro II. de Alcantara John 

 Charles Leopold Salvador Bibiana Francis 

 Xavier de Paula Leocadio Michael Gabriel Ra- 

 phael Gonzaga, born December 2d, 1825, son of 

 the Emperor Pedro I. de Alcantara, ascended 

 the throne, under tutorship in virtue of the 

 abdication of his father, on April Yth, 1831, as- 

 sumed the reins of government on July 23d, 

 1840 ; crowned July 18th, 1841 ; married Sept. 

 4th, 1843, to the Empress Therese Christine 

 Marie, born March 14th, 1822, daughter of the 

 late King Francis I. of the Two Sicilies. 



The Brazilian army consisted, in 1859, of 

 13.364 infantry, 2,724 cavalry, 3,682 artillery, 

 and several smaller bodies; together, 22,546 

 men. In the financial bill for the year 1863- 

 '64, presented to the Chambers in May, 1862, 

 the effective force of land troops was fixed 

 at 14,000 men, and in extraordinary cases at 

 25.000 ; that of marines at 8,000, eventually," 

 6,000. 



The navy, in 1863, consisted of 16 armed 

 sailing vessels, 22 armed steamers, and 7 non- 

 armed vessels. 



The movements of shipping in the year 

 1862-'63 were as follows: 



The recent discovery of three extensive coal 

 fields is of great importance for the development 

 of the resources of the country. "With the ex- 

 ception of rumors as to the finding of surface 

 coal, there had been nothing definite known of 

 the existence of coal in that country. Reporte, 

 however, of the presence of coal reached Mr. 

 N. Plant, the State geologist in Brazil, and in 

 1862 he fitted outin expedition to the districts 

 of Rio Grande do Sul. He there discovered a 

 large coal field, which had been named the 

 Candiota, extending over about 150 square 

 miles. The second was on the Rio Ratos, ex- 

 tending over about 50 square miles ; and the 

 third was in the province of San Catharina, 

 extending over about 80 square Miles, The 

 first field was the largest, and took its name 

 from the river Candiota, which flowed along 

 one side of it, and to which the field presented 

 a noble escarpment about seven leagues long. 

 The river had washed through the strata, and 

 laid bare the coal beds, which could be worked 

 in the valley from the surface. The field was 

 partly in Brazil, and partly in the free repub- 

 lic of Uruguay. The country from the sea to 

 the coal bed was a table land of basalt, by 

 ' which the coal field was bounded on the east 

 side, and on the southwestern side it was 

 bounded by the syenitic rocks, which rose to a 

 considerable elevation. The mineral could be 

 conveyed in a day or so from the coal field 

 along the Candiota and the river Jaguaraoto San 

 Pedro, where it would be of great service to the 

 ocean-going steamers. The quality of the coal 

 was considered to be good, and as it was simi- 

 lar to the Australian coal, it was believed to be- 

 long to the oolitic age. It was highly bitumi- 

 nous, admirably suited for steam, but perhaps 

 not so good as some English coal for ordinary 

 purposes. In a deposit of 114 feet 65 feet were 

 coal, the thickest stratum being 25 feet The coal 

 strata were separated by thin seams of clay and 

 other deposits which sometimes totally disap- 

 peared, and in places there was a solid bed 

 of coal 65 feet thick. The discovery of such 

 a mineral was of immense commercial impor- 

 tance. The annual exports of coal to Brazil 

 from England alone were 250,000 tons, at the 

 rate of 49s. per ton, and thes*e newly-discovered 

 beds could be worked for 18s. per ton. Mr. N. 

 Plant had obtained direct from the emperor 

 what was termed a "concession" to work these 

 coal beds, and he looked to English capitalists 

 to asiist him in turning it to account. 



In the AKOTAX CYLOP^BDIA of 1862, the ac 



