372 



ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. 



of Ethnology (science of nations, or of races). 

 The one comprehensive field of research, in 

 truth, is that of Anthropology ; and within this 

 Ethnology is embraced as a special department. 

 Accordingly, reserving the former term as the 

 appellation of the comprehensive science of the 

 subject, M~. Broca and others recognize under 

 this, for the present, at least two important 

 subdivisions, which they distinguish as Ethnol- 

 ogy and General Anthropology. The mere 

 description of races of men, in reference to 

 characteristics of person, customs, arts, and civ- 

 ilization, constitutes Ethnography. 



Among the works and periodicals published 

 in relation to these subjects, and within or just 

 previously to the year 1863, there are a few 

 which should here be named, first, because^ 

 they serve well as exponents of the direction 

 of recent discovery and of current thought in 

 regard to the subjects at issue ; and secondly, 

 because their pages afford, in large degree, a 

 resume of the facts and deductions already ac- 

 cumulated in relation to them, up to in most 

 of the instances about the close of the year 

 1862. "We select, with a view to such purposes, 

 the following : 



a. THE GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OP THE ANTIQUITY OP 

 MAN ; with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of 

 Species by Variation. By Sir Charles Lyell, I*. R. S\, 

 Ac. London : 1863. (Reprinted in Philadelphia, by G. 

 W. Childs : 1863.) 



J. INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY. By Dr. Theodor 

 Waitz. Vol. I. Translated by J. F. Colhngwood, from 

 the First Volume of " Anthropologie der Naturvolker." 

 London : 1863. 



c. THE RACES OP THE OLD WORLD : A Manual of 

 Ethnology. By Charles L. Brace. New York Charles 

 Scribner: 1863. 



d. EVIDENCE AS' TO MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE. By 

 Thomas H. Huxley, F. R. S. London : 1863. (Reprint- 

 ed in New York, by D. Appleton & Co. : 1863.) 



'. PREHISTORIC MAN : Researches into iht Oriqin of 

 Civilization in the Old and the New World. By Daniel 

 Wilson, LL.D. Cambridge and London : 1862. 



/. DESCRIPTION ETHNOGRAPHIQUE DBS PEUPLES DB LA 

 RUSSIE. Par T. de Pauly. St. Petersburgh : 1862. 



g. LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OP LANGUAGE. My Max 

 Muller, M. A. London : 1861. (Reprinted in New York, 

 by Charles Scribner : 1863.) 



A. A HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT 

 OT EUROPE. By John W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. New 

 York Harper & Bros. : 1863. 



. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW. Quarterly. Lon- 

 don. (First number May, 1863.) 



"No subject," says Sir Charles Lyell (a), " has lately 



channels through which the waters of occasional land- 

 floods or engulfed rivers have flowed, so that the re- 

 mains of living beings which have peopled the districts 

 at more than one era may have suDsequently been 

 mingled in such caverns and so confounded together in 

 one and the same deposit. But the facts brought to 

 light in 1858, during-the systematic investigation of the 

 Brixham cave, near Torquay in Devonshire, * * * 

 excited anew the curiosity of the * public, and pre- 

 pared the way for a general admission that skepticism 

 in regard to the bearing of cave evidence in favor of 

 the antiquity of man had previously been pushed to 

 an extreme. 



The following table of the Fossiliferous 

 Strata of the earth's crust, still further abridged 

 from Lyell, and representing the succession of 

 strata from the surface of the earth downward 

 to the non-fossiliferous or azoic rocks, will aid 

 the reader in understanding the bearing of cer- 

 tain geological and palaoontological facts upon 

 the question of the antiquity of man : 



,iquity 



sufficient evidence in caves, or in the superficial depo- 

 sits commonly called 'drift' or 'diluvium,' to prove 

 the former coexistence of man with certain extinct 

 mammalia. For the last half century, the occasional 

 occurrence, in various parts of Europe, of the bones of 

 man or the works of his hands, in cave breccias and 

 stalactites, associated with the remains of the extinct 

 hyicna, bear, elephant, or rhinoceros, has given rise to 

 a suspicion that the date of man must be carried fur- 

 ther hack than we had heretofore imagined. On the 

 other hand, extreme reluctance was naturally felt, on 

 the part of scientific reasoners, to admit the validity of 

 such evidence, seeing that so many caves have been in- 

 habited by a succession of tenants, and have been se- 

 lected by man aa a place not only of domicile, but of 

 sepulture, while some caves have also served aa the 



Now, while animal life has been traced down- 

 ward through the entire series of strata repre- 

 sented in the preceding table, the remains of 

 man and of the quadrumana had never until 

 very lately been with certainty shown to exist 

 lower down than the most recent formations of 

 the quaternary period, and such as could clearly 

 be brought within the usual chronological reck- 

 oning. Indeed, it was asserted by Cuvier, and 

 by many it is still maintained, that true fossils 

 of man and of the ape-tribes have no existence. 

 The discoveries of the last few years, however, 

 appear in the judgment of many other inquirers 

 already to have reversed Cuvier's verdict. Still, 

 Lyell, writing about the close of 1862, and in- 

 cluding all the well authenticated discoveries of 

 human remains and works up to that time, 

 shows the comparatively recent period to whicL 

 these evidences of man were at the time con- 

 fined, when he remarks, "The only formations 

 with which we shall be concerned in the pres- 

 ent volume are those of the most modern date, 

 or the Post-tertiary." 



Among the subjects of which Sir Charles 

 Lyell treats, are those of the implements found 

 in the Danish peat ; the Danish shell-mounds, 

 or " kjokkenmoddings " (kitchen-middens, ox* 

 refuse-heaps) ; the ancient Swiss lake-dwellings, 

 on piles, or " lacustrine habitations" (see "New 

 American Cyclopaedia," vol. xvi); the Irish 

 lake-dwellings, or "crannoges"; the pottery 

 and burnt bricks taken from great depths in th<) 

 Delta of the Nile; the relics and remains found 

 in mounds of the valley of the Ohio, of the delfci 

 of the Mississippi, &c. ; the human and other 

 bones, and implements consisting largely of 



