ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. 



383 



tinctions, as found in the circumstances of fer- 

 tile intermixture of races in man, but not 

 among the monkey tribes ; in the existence of 

 man in all climates, while the monkeys are 

 chiefly confined to the tropics ; in the fact that 

 the latter only, not the former, is provided 

 with a natural covering of hair; in the fact 

 that the former only provides himself with 

 clothing and a dwelling ; in the fact that man 

 alone stores up knowledge for his own use 

 and that of all generations ; and in the fact 

 that no race of men has ever been found which 

 had not the capacity of framing a language, 

 while the monkeys are, in this respect, hardly 

 on a level with the parrot and the magpie. 

 Moreover, he thinks that the anthropoid apes 

 most like man in structure, are least like him 

 in intelligence ; the gorilla, at the head of 

 the list, being only known as ferocious and un- 

 tamable ; while the orang-outang, in form near- 

 est man, is described as a slow, sluggish, dull, 

 and melancholy animal. Again there are in the 

 New World monkeys with four supernumerary 

 teeth ; and on the same continent, there are 

 no anthropoid apes at all. Finally, the author 

 concludes, the monkey tribes have an outward 

 or structural resemblance to man, beyond that 

 of all other animals; but why this is so he 

 considers a mystery beyond our understanding. 

 Mr. "W. Winwood Eeade, in a paper before 

 the Anthrop. Society, June 22d, 1863, speak- 

 ing of the anthropoid apes of Africa, said: 

 The habits of the gorilla do not differ from 

 those of the chimpanzee ; though the natives 

 sgard the latter as the more intelligent. He 

 ould mention a fact not previously made pub- 

 lic, namely, that both these apes build nests as 

 lying-in hospitals for their females. These are 

 simply rude layers of sticks and branches. 



Finally, it may be regarded as generally ad- 

 mitted, and even among those who adopt the 

 theory of development in accordance with 

 which man might appear to have had hia 

 origin from lower orders of creatures, that 

 there are, and especially in the mental consti- 

 tution of man, unquestionable and great dis- 

 tinctions between him and the most highly 

 developed of those lower creatures. These 

 iost radical distinctions are to be found in his 

 itellectual powers, and in his aesthetical, social, 

 [Oral, and religions natures. And to say that 

 has, at some indefinite period of past time, 

 lerged even from the level of the higher 

 apes, would not still be to deny that now the 

 actual distinctions between the two classes of 

 beings arc practically immeasurable and im- 

 passable. 



St. Hilaire' s Classification of Mankind. 

 M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire considers that the pri- 

 mary division of mankind, established upon dis- 

 tinctive characters of the first class, constitutes 

 types, not races ; and further, that the deter- 

 mination of these types should be founded es- 

 sentially upon the conformation of the head. 

 I He admits four types : 

 1. The Caucasian characterized by pre- 



dominance of the superior parts of the head : 

 *'. e., by the region of the brain. 



2. The Mongolian characterized by pre- 

 dominance of the middle part of the head, 

 with breadth of the superior part of the face. 



3. The Ethiopian, marked by predomin- 

 ance of the inferior parts of the face, the re- 

 gion of the jaws. 



4. The Hottentot marked by predomin- 

 ance of the whole region of the face. 



The two elements serving to determine the 

 relative development of the facial regions, are : 

 1, breadth of the region measured by promi- 

 nence of the cheek bones ; 2, antero-posterior 

 extension, measured by obliquity of the face, 

 or by its forward projection beyond the region 

 of the brain. The now classical terms, orthog- 

 nathic (vertical-jawed) and prognathic or prog- 

 nathous (protruding-jawed), express the varie- 

 ties of the latter character. To express the for- 

 mer breadth of the superior part of the face 

 he would coin the term eurygnathic (wide-jaw- 

 ed). "With these terms we are enabled in few 

 words to characterize the above four types of 

 mankind. Thus, generally, the Caucasian type 

 is orthognathic ; the Mongolian, eurygnathic ; 

 the Ethiopian, prognathous ; the^Hottentot, at 

 once eurygnathic and prognathous. These types 

 are subdivided into races distinguished between 

 themselves by characters sufficiently marked. 

 His scheme admits at present twelve races as 

 well established; but he supposes that others 

 will yet be added. . 



St. Hilaire has been the first to embody in a 

 system the distinction between the hyper- 

 borean peoples of the eastern and those of the 

 western continent. It had been supposed that 

 all the peoples situated near the polar ocean, 

 from Lapland round to Greenland, formed as 

 living in the same conditions of light and heat, 

 and amid closely similar flora and faunae a 

 single race, in characters allied to the Mongo- 

 lian. But Prince Napoleon brought back from 

 his expedition to the northern seas a series of 

 crania which had served to overthrow that 

 opinion. M. Henry Guerrault, a surgeon on 

 that expedition, first observed the considerable 

 differences between the cranium of a Laplander 

 and that of an Esquimaux. Both these peo- 

 ples approach Ihe Mongolian type ; but the 

 first does so by the globular form of the crani- 

 um, the second, by the form of cranium known 

 as the pyramidal : these characters being such 

 as, in the Mongolians, are combined. Thus, 

 there are at least two northern polar races ; 

 and St. Hilaire, restricting the term "hy- 

 perborean " to the type proper to the polar re- 

 gions of Europe, applies to that of the same re- 

 gions in North America the designation of 

 " paraborean." 



Oratiolet' l s Classification of Mankind. Dr. 

 James Hunt read a paper on this subject before 

 the Brit. Assoc., 1863. He first glanced at pre- 

 vious classifications, from those of Ephorus and 

 Buffon to that of St. Hilaire. He was con- 

 vinced that in any attempts at such classifica- 



