386 



ETNHOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY. 



late Dr. Robert Knox, of England, however, 

 was a prominent advocate of this theory, in 

 which it is contended that Asia is for Asiatics, 

 Africa for Africans, Europe for Europeans; 

 and, as the corollary is drawn by some writers, 

 America for Americans meaning by this term 

 the aboriginal or red men. 



M. Bondin, in a paper entitled " Non-cosmo- 

 politism of the Races of Mankind," read some 

 time since before the Paris Anthrop. Society, 

 declares that in case of most races the yellow 

 and a few others being excepted acclimati- 

 zation is for each circumscribed. He says it is 

 well ascertained that the European races can- 

 not, without continual reinforcement from the 

 mother countries, maintain themselves in trop- 

 ical Africa and Asia. MM. Rameau and Qua- 

 trefages, in remarking npon this paper, ques- 

 tioned whether the European races preserve 

 their type in America. The observations of 

 the latter would tend to the conclusion that, 

 in some parts of North America, both the 

 European and the African races showed in 

 their physiognomy an approach to the abori- 

 ginal type of the country. This opinion Prof. 

 W. B. Carpenter had also expressed, some 

 years since. 



M. Martin de Moussy, however, regarding 

 these conclusions as doubtful, opposed to them 

 the instance of a German colony, founded in 

 Paraguay in 1535, by soldiers of Charles V. ; 

 this people, although they have since that time 

 received no addition of the German element, 

 being declared to be, to this day, perfectly like 

 the Germans of Europe. 



Bollaert on the Populations of the New 

 World. Mr. "W. Bollaert read a paper on this 

 subject before the London Anthrop. Society, 

 May 12th, 1863. He leaned to the polygenist 

 theory ; and set down the primitive species 

 of men, distinguishable by color, as the White, 

 Brown, Red, Black, &c. He then considered 

 the several ethnic realms of North and South 

 America, and gave the present numbers and 

 characteristics in some cases the past also 

 of the populations of the different countries. 

 Speaking of Mexico, he remarks : " In 1858, 

 the Republic of Mexico had been in existence 38 

 years, and had had fifty-six violent changes of 

 government." In respect to the negroes in the 

 United States, he declares that, while their 

 number is at present about 4,000,000, during 

 the past three centuries not less than 14,000,000 

 had been imported from Africa into the coun- 

 try. He thinks the mixture of the white, red, 

 and black species unfortunate resulting in va- 

 rieties which are not the best specimens of 

 humanity, if we examine them physiologically, 

 psychologically, or in their political history. 

 The following are the author's conclusions : 



1. That, when first discovered in 1492, 

 America had an aboriginal population of prob- 

 ably over 100,000,000 : at present that popula- 

 tion numbers only about 12,750,000. 



2. That in the late Spanish- American colo- 

 nies, and the present Republics [succeeding 



them], the whites have not increased in any 

 way approaching the increase of the whites in 

 North America a fact which he attributes in 

 great measure to difference of climate. 



3. That the fusion, or rather, confusion of 

 the White, Indian, and Negro elements, partic- 

 ularly shown in the Spanish portion of the con- 

 tinent, is unfavorable to a strong, healthy, and 

 prolific progeny ; while it results in number- 

 less varieties of mulattoes and zamboes. 



4. That there has been for the last 30 years 

 a continual cry from the South American Re- 

 publics for European immigration ; but that, to 

 such immigration there have been two draw- 

 backs the generally-continued state of an- 

 archy, and the climate. 



5. That the mixed breeds or varieties are not 

 so prolific as pure species. 



6. That in many of the (S. A.) Republics, 

 children of European parents are reared with 

 more or less difficulty. 



7. That the long wars of independence 

 thinned the male population, and, since their 

 termination, many of the Republics have had 

 long periods of sanguinary civil war; a fact 

 which is to be attributed in great measure to 

 the circumstance of the mixed populations of 

 Whites, Indians, and Negroes. 



In the discussion which followed the read- 

 ing of this paper, Drs. Berthold Seeman and 

 James Hunt confirmed the opinion already 

 named as having been advanced by MM. 

 Rameau and Quatrefages, and by Dr. Carpen- 

 ter, in respect to the occurrence of a gradual 

 change of type in the European peoples settled 

 in America. The former questioned whether 

 the present population of the United States 

 would not die out, if it were not constantly 

 recruited from Europe. He thought the Amer- 

 ican people inclining to be moody, but when 

 excited, very vehement ; and he stated that 

 among them, in a physical point of view, lean- 

 ness is prevalent, the calves of the legs not be- 

 ing well developed ; and that the hair inclines 

 to grow long and straight, and is only in very 

 rare instances curly. Yet he admitted that in 

 some parts of the United States, as in Ken- 

 tucky, very fine specimens of men are found. 



The President, Dr. Hunt, said that a great 

 change of opinion appeared to be taking place 

 with regard to the acclimatization of man. 

 The same influence unfavorable to the rearing 

 of European children, obtains in India and in 

 Australia, as in South America. These and 

 other facts tend rather to the conviction that 

 man has not that power which has so often 

 been ascribed to him, of living and producing 

 prolific offspring in all the climates of the world. 



The North American Climate, and its Effects. 

 M. E. Desor remarks that the German or 

 Swiss emigrant, upon first landing in Now 

 York, thinks the climate much the same af. 

 that of his own country. But if he resides- 

 there for a time, he soon finds it necessary to 

 change his habits and mode of life. It i 

 about 240 years since the first colonization o: 



