HYGIENE IN THE AEMY. 



505 



sold, as well as around its circumference is a rail- 

 road for moving food, fuel, furniture, carrying 

 the patients to their wards, &c. The adminis- 

 trative portion of the building is in the central 

 plot. The pavilions are twenty feet apart at the 

 corridor, and forty feet at the distant extrem- 

 ities, and the circulation of air around them is 

 thus secured. The sides of the corridor are al- 

 most entirely composed of glass sashes, which, 



in summer, are entirely removed. During in- 

 clement weather they are closed, and the cor- 

 ridor is furnished with fifty large stoves, and 

 used as an exercise hall, for those patients who 

 are able to leave their ward. To each ward, 

 at the end nearest the corridor, a mess room is 

 attached, sufficiently large for the use of those 

 patients who are able to leave their beds. The 

 following plan (fig. 2) shows the arrangement of 



(Fio. 2.) 



to S O 10 SO SO 40 fP BO TO SO BO 10O 

 GROUND-PLAN OF WARD PAVILION OP CHESTNUT HILL HOSPITAL. 



a ward pavilion in detail : a is the ward room, 

 occupying 150 feet in length of the pavilion, 

 and twenty feet wide, containing fifty-two 

 beds ; 6, the mess room ; c, scullery ; <2, bath 

 room ; e, water closet ; ,/j ablution room ; gr, 

 wardmaster's room. The pavilions are four or 

 five feet narrower than they should be, and 

 when the beds are all full there are but 960 

 cubic feet of air to each patient ; but as this is 

 constantly changed by the admirable ventila- 

 tion, it is nearly sufficient. The number of 

 beds is 3,320. There is a force of 622 officers, 

 attendants, guard, &c., attached to the hospi- 

 tal. The cost of the buildings was over $250,- 

 000. The McClellan Hospital, situated in the 

 neighborhood of Philadelphia, though smaller 

 (1,040 beds), is, perhaps, more nearly perfect 

 than any other yet erected. The corridor is 

 of a flattened ovoidal form, from the ends of 

 which the pavilions project. These pavilions 

 are wider, larger, and farther apart than at 

 the Mower Hospital. The administrative 

 building is in the centre and connected with 

 the corridor by two straight passage ways. In 

 the ground-plan (fig. 3), a is the main cor- 

 ridor ; b 6 &, wards ; c, administrative building, 

 two stories high; d, kitchen; e, laundry; f, 

 clothing and guard rooms ; g, engine room ; h, 

 stable ; *', provision and knapsack store room ; 

 &, quarters of medical officers in charge. 



We give below ground-plans of two other 

 military hospitals of large size, each arranging 

 the pavilions in a different way, but all observ- 

 ing the same principles. The first is the Ham- 

 mond General Hospital, at Point Lookout (fig. 4), 

 in which sixteen pavilions project from a circu- 

 lar corridor. The administrative building is the 

 wide structure at the upper side of the circle, 

 and the kitchen, laundry, guard room, dead 

 house, &c., are in the centre. The pavilions 

 here are 40 feet apart at the corridor, and 75 



feet at the farther end. They are 145 feet 

 long, 25 feet wide, and 14 feet high to the 

 eaves, and 18 to the ridge. The ventilation is 

 perfect. Each patient has 1,116 cubic feet of 

 space. The second, the Lincoln General Hos- 

 pital, at "Washington city (fig. 5), has'its pavilions 

 placed en echelon, along a corridor, forming 

 two sides of an acute-angled triangle. The ad- 

 ministrative building is at the apex, and the 

 kitchen, &c., inclosed within the angle. This 

 hospital accommodates 1,200 patients. By this 

 arrangement a thorough ventilation of each 

 ward is secured, while all the wards have the 

 same direction and receive the rays of the sun 

 at the same time a matter of considerable im- 

 portance. 



In the "West, large hospitals on some one of 

 these, or similar plans, have been erected at 

 St. Louis, Louisville, Nashville, Madison, Ev- 

 ansville, and New Albany, Indiana ; and others 

 are building at Madison, Wisconsin ; Davenport, 

 Iowa ; and other points. 



For field hospitals, the hospital tent is un- 

 doubtedly preferable to any building. Where 

 a camp is somewhat permanent, the improved 

 Crimean tent with double walls, ridge ventila- 

 tion, and the admission of pure air near the 

 floor, answers a good purpose. In both, spe- 

 cial Attention should be paid to ventilation, and 

 over-crowding carefully avoided. 



In the lighting and warming of hospitals, 

 special care is now taken to avoid vitiating the 

 air by the gases produced by combustion. 

 Where it is possible, illuminating gas is used, 

 but the vitiated air, and carbonic acid gas, are 

 conducted off by chimneys in such a way as to 

 increase the ventilation of the ward. If gas 

 cannot be obtained, the vegetable oils or par- 

 affine, spermaceti, or wax candles are preferable 

 to any other modes of illumination. Conl or 

 petroleum oils, camphene and burning fluid, ir- 



