644 



ITALY. 



conti Venosta, born at Milan ; appointed March 

 16th, 1863. 



4. Ministry of Public Instruction : Count Em- 

 eric Amari, born at Palermo, in 1810; ap- 

 pointed Dec. 8th, 1862. 



j 6. Ministry of the Interior : Chev. IJbaldino 

 Peruzzi, born in Tuscany in 1821 ; appointed 

 Dec. 8th, 1862. 



6. Ministry of Public "Works : General Louis 

 Frederic Menabrea, born at Chambery, Savoy ; 

 appointed Dec. 8th, 1862. 



7. Ministry of War: General Alexander 

 Delia Eovere, born at Turin ; appointed Dec. 

 8th, 1862. 



8. Ministry of the Navy : General Amedeus 

 Cugia ; appointed January 17th, 1863. 



9. Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Com- 

 merce : John Manne, born in Naples, in 1820 ; 

 appointed Dec. 8th, 1862. 



Eight of the Italian cities had, on Jan. 1st, 

 more than 100,000 inhabitants, namely : Naples, 

 447,065; Turin, 204,715 ; Milan, 196,109; Pa- 

 lermo, 194,463; Genoa, 127,986; Florence, 

 114,363; Bologna, 109,395; Messina, 103,324. 



Nine others had between 50,000 and 100,000, 

 namely : Leghorn, 96,471 ; Catania, 68,810 ; 

 Ferrara, 67,988; Lucca, 65,435; Eavenna, 

 57,303 ; Alexandria, 56,545 ; Modena, 55,512 ; 

 Pisa, 51,057; Eeggio (in Emilia), 50,371. 



The "Catholic, Apostolical and Eoman" re- 

 ligion is declared by the fundamental statute to 

 be the religion of the State, but other forms of 

 public worship are tolerated. The Eoman Cath- 

 olic hierarchy consists of 45 archbishops, and 

 198 bishops. They are appointed by the Pope, 

 but the royal consent is necessary to their install- 

 ation. Monastic establishments were formerly 

 very numerous in all parts of Italy, but. most of 

 them have been suppressed by royal decrees, 

 and a great portion of their property is devoted 

 to the cause of public education. 



Italy has 19 universities, of which 6, namely, 

 Bologna, Naples, Pavia, Palermo, Pisa and 

 Turin, are of the first class, having a complete 

 course of higher instruction. The others have 

 only the partial course of some faculties. Fer- 

 rara, Camerino, and Macerata are free univer- 

 sities. The number of students at each univer- 

 sity was, in the year 1860 to 1861, as follows : 



Bologna, 464 



At the beginning of 1862, there were in the 

 kingdom 7,180 communities, out of 7,720, which 

 had elementary schools for boys; 4,466 had 

 schools for boys and girls; 19,106 persons were 

 engaged in giving primary instruction, namely: 

 12,475 male and 6,631 female teachers. The 

 number of gymnasia (colleges) is 221. The 

 polytechnic institutes are a creation of the 

 new government in nearly all the provinces 



which have been united with the former king- 

 dom of Sardinia. At present the State sup- 

 ports 24 polytechnic institutions, of which 8 

 are of the 1st class (Turin, Milan, Naples. 

 Genoa, Florence, Bologna, Ancona, Palermo), 

 5 of the 2d class, and 11 of the third class; 

 besides, there were 24 institutions of this kind 

 which have been established by communities 

 or private persons. The number of naval 

 schools is 25. Agriculture is taught at the 

 School of Agriculture and Forestry at Turin. 

 There are also three agricultural institutes 

 (Florence, Parma, Malfi), 1 school of drainage 

 (Casale), 11 agricultural schools. 



On the mainland of Italy there were, on the 

 1st of January, 1862, 2,229 kilometres of rail- 

 road in operation, and 1,987 kilometres in the 

 course of construction, and upon the islands 40 

 kilometres in the course of construction. Some 

 of the railroads have been constructed by the 

 State, and run by private parties ; in the latter 

 case the State guarantees a certain amount of 

 interest. 



The following is a copy of the oflBcial budget 

 for the year 1863 : 



General Directions. 



Franca. 



Salt Tax 194,525,379 



Direct Taxes 180,446,242 



Domains 209,881,745 



Railroads 27,1 68,000 



Telegraphs 2,500.000 



Post Office 14,560,000 



Treasury 28,719,884 



Ministries. 



Francs. 



Justice 3,441,600 



Foreign Affairs .... 860,000 



Interior 1,802,200 



Public Instruction 985,152 

 Agriculture, In- 

 dustry and Com- 

 merce 422,000 



Total ? 614,811,652 



Of these are extraordinary revenues 65,456,403 



EXPENDITURE. 



Departments, 



Francs. 



Finances 851,983,090 



Justice & Ecclesias- 

 tical Affairs.... 80,801,264 

 Foreign Affairs... 8,888,129 



Interior 15,508,720 



Public Works.... 63,193,599 



Departments. 



Public Works.... 107.1 7 1,7:> 



War 259,508,090 



Marine 959,747,795 



Agriculture, Com- 

 merce and Indus- 

 try 17,859,868 



Total 935.887,42? 



Of these are extraordinary receipts 172,044, T2& 



Deficit .- 820,575,77$ 



The public debt on January 1st, 1863, was at 

 follows : 



By law of Jan. llth, and royal decree of 

 March 17th, 1863, the consolidated 5 per cent, 

 rentes were increased as follows : Nominal cap 

 ital, 714,320,000 francs; Eentes, 34,716,000. 



The total amount of the public debt of tho 

 various provinces of the kingdom, in the year 

 1860, amounted to: 



