JACKSOK 



brought up a report proposing its adoption. 

 The report was adopted, on November 28th, 

 by 157 against 49 votes. On December 1st, the 

 commercial treaty concluded between Italy 

 and Great Britain came into force. A treaty of 

 commerce between Italy and Holland was 

 signed at the same time. 



On November 19th, the " Official Gazette " 

 of Turin published a royal decree proclaiming 

 an amnesty. It annuls the penal punishments 

 awarded in the Neapolitan provinces for all 

 crimes excepting those connected with brigand- 

 age and ordinary offences. The amnesty ex- 

 tends to all offences against the press laws, and 

 all persons who have evaded the conscription, 

 or acted in contravention of the laws relating 

 to the National Guard. The report preceding 

 the decree states that the enthusiastic reception 

 and other manifestations which the king met 

 with during his journey proved how deeply the 

 unity of Italy is rooted in the mind of the pop- 

 ulation. Having nothing more to fear from the 

 efforts of enemies, the ministers deemed it their 

 duty to second the generous idea conceived in 

 the heart of the king. 



Some severe measures which the Government 

 adopted in Sicily, in order to prevent disturb- 

 ances and carry out the conscription laws, 

 induced Garibaldi and several other deputies 



JACKSON, THOMAS J. 



547 



of the " Left " to send in their resignation (De- 

 cember 21st). Garibaldi explains his reasons 

 for taking this step in the following letter ad- 

 dressed to his constituents : 



CAPKEEA, December Mot. 

 To my Constituents at Naples : 



When I saw 229 deputies of the Italian Parliament 

 confirm by their vote the sale of the Italian soil, I had 

 the presentiment that I should not long remain in the 

 Assembly of those men who blindly tore asunder the 

 limbs of the country which they were called to recon- 

 stitute. However, the counsels of friends, the hope of 

 reparatory events, and an unshaken sentiment of de- 

 votion toward my constituents kept me at the post. 

 But now, when I see succeeding to the sale of Nice the 

 shame of Sicily, which I should be proud to call my 

 second country by adoption, I feel myself, electors, 

 compelled to restore to you a commission which en- 

 chains my conscience and makes me indirectly the ac- 

 complice of the faults of others. It is not only the af- 

 fection which I owe to Sicily, the courageous initiator 

 of so many revolutions, but the thought that they have 

 wounded in her the right and honor in compromising 

 the safety of all Italy, which has led me to take this res- 

 olution. There is, however, nothing in this which 

 will prevent me from finding myself with the people in 

 arms on the road to Rome and Venice. 



Adieu. Yours, G. GARIBALDI. 



The majority of the "Left," however, pre- 

 ferred not to quit their posts, but to remain in 

 the Chamber, and a manifesto, explaining the 

 motives which determined their course of ac- 

 tion, received twenty-nine signatures. 



JACKSON, once a thriving town and the cap- 

 ital of the State of Mississippi, is situated on the 

 right bank of the Pearl river at the terminus of 

 the Vicksburg and Jackson railroad, on the line 

 of the New Orleans and Cairo railroad. It is 

 forty-five miles east of Vicksburg. Its site is 

 level and its plan regular. It contained a hand- 

 some State House, costing over half a million 

 dollars, a Governor's Mansion, the State Lunatic 

 Asylum, the Penitentiary, several churches, 

 &c. It was captured by the forces under Gen. 

 Grant on the 14th of May, and immediately aban- 

 doned by him to march upon Vicksburg. It 

 was again occupied in July by Gen. Sherman 

 and almost entirely destroyed. 



JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN, a general 

 in the Confederate army, born in Clarksburg, 

 Harrison co., Va., January 21st, 1824, died at 

 Guinea's Station, on the Kichmond and Fred- 

 ericsburg railroad, May 10th, 1863. The death 

 of his father, in 1827, left him dependent upon 

 an uncle, by whom he was brought up to a far- 

 mer's life. As a boy he was noted for gravity 

 and sobriety of manners, and at 16 years of 

 age is said to have been elected constable of 

 Lewis county. Though indicating no special 

 aptitude or taste for a military career, he ob- 

 tained in 1842 the appointment of cadet at 

 "West Point, where he was graduated in 1846, 

 17th in a class of 59, which numbered among 

 its members Generals McClellan. Stoneman, 

 Foster, Couch, Eeno, and others distinguished 



on both sides in the present war. At the acad- 

 emy he was far from being a brilliant pupil, 

 mastering his studies with extreme difficulty,but 

 learning thoroughly whatever he attempted. 

 His disposition was retiring and taciturn, and 

 at this, as well as at other periods of his life, 

 he was afflicted with various forms of hypo- 

 chondria, imagining that he had consumption, 

 incipient paralysis, and other maladies. 



He was immediately brevetted 2d lieutenant 

 in the 1st artillery, and accompanied Magruder's 

 battery to Mexico, serving first under Gen. Tay- 

 lor and subsequently under Gen. Scott. During 

 the victorious campaign of the latter in the 

 valley of Mexico, he was promoted to a first 

 lieutenancy, and for gallant conduct at Contre- 

 ras, Churubusco, and Chepultepec, was succes- 

 sively brevetted captain and major. Returning 

 home in impaired health, he resigned his com- 

 mission in 1852, and was soon after appointed 

 professor of mathematics in the Military Insti- 

 tute of Virginia, where he remained until the 

 outbreak of the civil war. He performed his 

 professional duties with conscientious fidelity, 

 but in matters of discipline was too much of a 

 martinet to become popular with the pupils of 

 the school, who were accustomed to ridicule 

 his peculiarities of manner and appearance, mid 

 his strict observance of a .religious lite. Thus 

 the spring of 1861 found him scarcely known 

 beyond the walls of the Institute, and not es- 

 teemed there as a soldier of more than ordinary 



