552 



JACKSON, THOMAS J. 



fire, which swept down the Confederates by 

 hundreds, he was placed on a litter and carried 

 to the rear, receiving in the confusion of the 

 moment severe contusions in his arms and 

 sides. 



His left arm was amputated on that same 

 evening, and two days later he was removed to 

 Guinea's station, on the Eichmond and Fred- 

 ericksburg railroad. For several days he con- 

 tinued to improve, but on the 7th, while pre- 

 parations were making to remove him to Rich- 

 mond, symptoms of pneumonia appeared. On the 

 evening of that day all pain left him, and with 

 its cessation he began rapidly to sink. He died 

 quietly on Sunday afternoon, the 10th, exclaim- 

 ing, when told by his wife of his approaching 

 end, " Very good, very good ; it is all right ! " 

 and was honored with a public funeral in Rich- 

 mond on the 12th, amidst unmistakable mani- 

 festations of sorrow. Throughout the seceded 

 States he was not less profoundly mourned, the 

 public regret being intensified by the reflection 

 that their great general, like the eagle killed 

 by arrows tipped with its own plumage, had 

 fallen under the volleys of his chosen and de- 

 voted soldiery. 



The character of Jackson was developed only 

 during the two brief but momentous years 

 which succeeded the outbreak of the war. Had 

 secession never taken place he might have lived 

 and died the obscure and eccentric professor 

 which the spring of 1861 found him. In private 

 life, in fact, he was, like others distinguished in 

 his profession, a comparatively dull and unin- 

 teresting man, noticeable chiefly for the depth 

 and earnestness of his religious convictions ; and 

 few could have predicted that under so quiet an 

 exterior he concealed an impetuous bravery 

 rivalling that of Ney and Lannes, and an en- 

 ergy, ripened judgment, and command of re- 

 sources to which those generals could lay no 

 claim. Of his capacity to undertake a large in- 

 dependent command no test was ever made, 

 his celebrated campaign in the Shenandoah 

 valley having been conducted with an army not 

 exceeding 25,000 men. But as the lieutenant 

 of another, executing important movements of 

 an army wing, and anticipating almost intu- 

 itively the plans of his superior, he proved 

 himself a genius of the first order ; and one can 

 readily appreciate the significance of Lee's re- 

 mark, when learning the misfortune which had 

 befallen his favorite general : " He is better off 

 than I am. He lost his left arm, but I have lost 

 my right." During his residence at Lexington 

 he became a member of the Presbyterian 

 Church, and at his death was a deacon in that 

 denomination. Embracing, to its fullest extent, 

 the doctrine of predestination, he was regarded 

 by many as a fatalist, and his religious fervor 

 seemed to rise with the progress of the war, 

 approaching sometimes the verge of fanati- 

 cism, lie attended service regularly on Sun- 

 days, never omitted his daily devotions, en- 

 couraged prayer meetings and revivals among 

 his troops, and in reports and despatches an- 



A JAPAN. 



nouncing successes in the field, invariably as- 

 cribed the victory to divine interposition. To 

 extreme simplicity of manners and dress, he 

 united a transparent honesty of character, and a 

 genuine humanity, which, in the midst of a 

 civil war of unexampled fury, caused him to be 

 respected alike by friends and foes. In person 

 Jackson was of middle height and soldierly 

 bearing, and his features, when not lightened 

 up by eyes of singular brilliancy and expression, 

 were in no respect remarkable. 



JAPAN, an empire in Eastern Asia. Its real 

 sovereign is the mikado, the ecclesiastical or 

 spiritual emperor who resides at Miako, in the 

 principality of Kioto, and whose personal name 

 is only known to the imperial princes. By his 

 order and in his name, the Government is ac- 

 tually carried on by a tycoon, or temporal em- 

 peror, whose residence is at Yeddo. The name 

 of the present tycoon is Mina Motto I. 



The revenue of the mikado is partly derived 

 from the city pf Miako and. its vicinity, and 

 partly from the costly presents of the tycoon. 

 The latter derives from the crown domains 

 about $12,000,000 annually; in addition, the 

 daimios (semi-independent princes) have to 

 pay him subsidies. The receipts of twenty- 

 five of the latter are estimated at from 1^ to 

 5J- millions, and those of twenty others at 

 about 1J million dollars ; the aggregate income 

 of all the daimios at about 150 millions. 



Japan consists of Japan proper and the de- 

 pendent islands, and is said to comprise in all 

 no less than 3,850 islands. The total area of the 

 empire is estimated by Engehardt at 7,065, and 

 by Siebold at 6,615 geographical square miles. 

 The estimates of the population vary from 35 

 to 40 millions. 



The ports which the Japanese have promised 

 to open to the treaty Powers are the following: 

 Hioga, south of Miako; Kanagawa (Yokoha- 

 ma), in the bay of Yeddo ; Niegato (northeast- 

 ern coast of Niphon) ; Hakodadi (on the island 

 of Yesso) ; and Nagasaki (Kiusiu). The com- 

 mercial treaties were concluded: 1, with the 

 United States of. America, on March 31st, 1854; 

 2, with Great Britain, on Oct. 14th, 1854; 3, 

 with Russia, Jan. 26th, 1855 ; 4, with the Ne- 

 therlands, Nov. 9th, 1855 ; 5, with Portugal, 

 Aug. 3d, 1860 ; 6, with Prussia, Jan. 25th, 1861. 



The tycoon is not, as was formerly supposed, 

 the sovereign ruler of the land, in so far as sec- 

 ular matters are concerned. He is in rank only 

 the fourth prince of the empire, and was the 

 fifth until the present incumbent was raised a 

 degree by intermarriage with the imperial 

 house. At Miako there are two beside the em- 

 peror that outrank him members of the im- 

 perial court. The sole head of this Govern- 

 ment is the emperor. No change in the organic 

 law of Japan can take place without his con- 

 sent. All rank and authority are conferred by 

 him, except those of the hereditary princes. 

 Even they may forfeit their titles and immuni- 

 ties by acts of hostility against the mikado (lit- 

 erally, the sublime porte) or emperor. 



