556 



paid very recently. Several large junks also were de- 

 stroyed. The Japanese are said to have stood well to 

 their guns, so long as the play was at long range, but 

 seemed somewhat taken aback when our snips came to 

 close quarters. 



Although Admiral Kuper did not accomplish 

 all he desired, he yet succeeded in bringing the 

 Prince of Satsuma to terms. He sent agents to 

 Ool. Neale, and their negotiations terminated 

 in an agreement that the prince should pay the 

 indemnity demanded of him for the sufferers on 

 the 14th September, 1862, and should endeavor 

 to the utmost to discover the murderers of Mr. 

 Richardson, and should cause them, when dis- 

 covered, to be executed in the presence of 

 British officers as witnesses of the execution. 



In a despatch of Nov. 17th, 1863, in which 

 Ool. Neale communicates this information to 

 Earl Eussell, he also says that "the informa- 

 tion which has reached us from various sources, 

 including some of the officers of the Prince of 

 Satsuma, establishes the fact that the losses 

 sustained by the prince and the punishment 

 inflicted by her Majesty's squadron at Kago- 

 sima were very considerable. The destruction 

 of property is estimated at 1,000,000 sterling, 

 and the number of Satsuma's adherents killed 

 and wounded is stated to have been 1,500." 



This display of power on the part of Eng- 

 land, as well as the preceding exploits of the 

 American and French vessels seemed to pro- 

 duce an impression upon the Japanese. No 

 further acts of hostility occurred during the 

 year; although the Japanese Government per- 

 sisted in their wish to restrict the intercourse 

 of their country with the foreigners, and to ob- 

 tain from the treaty Powers a modification of 

 the treaties. The internal wrangle between 

 the anti-foreign party and the friends of for- 

 eign trade also continued, but most of the in- 

 formation received about this point seemed to 

 be little trustworthy. It was reported that in 

 October, at an . extraordinary meeting of the 

 daimios, it had been resolved by 65 votes 

 against 47 that there was no ground for de- 

 claring war against foreigners. 



On the 19th of October, the Government of 

 the tycoon issued a notification at Yeddo to 

 the effect that all daimios or princes (excepting 

 only those of the blood royal, and also those 

 intrusted with the direction of affairs) should 

 respectively withdraw to their principalities. 

 The Government no longer requires them 

 to reside at Yeddo; they will be called up 

 once in three years to the metropolis for the 

 space of one hundred days. The Princes of 

 Awarri, Mito and Kishni, being of the blood 

 royal, will reside at Yeddo one year each, by 

 turns. 



JEBB, Major-General Sir JOSHUA, R. E., K. 

 0. B., an English statesman and writer on 

 Penal Law and Prison discipline, died in Lon- 

 don, June 26th, 1863, at the age of seventy years. 

 He had entered the army at an early age, and 

 had first come into prominent notice when 

 stationed in Australia, from his connection with 



the efforts to carry out Captain McConochie'a 

 plan of encouraging transported convicts to 

 reform, by granting a partial remission of their 

 sentence as a result of good behavior. The 

 plan of Capt. McConochie failed of success 

 not so much from any impracticability inherent 

 in it, as from the circumstances under which 

 its execution was attempted, and the remarka- 

 bly depraved and reckless set of desperadoes 

 who were its first subjects. One of its good 

 results, however, was the calling of public 

 attention to Capt. Jebb, who seems to have 

 performed his duties with a fidelity and ability 

 which deserved commendation. The constantly 

 increasing difficulties experienced by the Home 

 Government, in regard to transportation, most 

 of the colonies protesting energetically against 

 receiving convicts, and some of them threaten- 

 ing revolt if more were sent to them, led to 

 the consideration of other measures for dispos- 

 ing of the convicted criminals of the Unitec. 

 Kingdom ; and Col. Jebb (he had attained to 

 the rank of colonel a short time previous) wa.'i 

 charged with the investigation and reporting of 

 plans for the construction and management of 

 convict prisons. He gave to the subject much 

 thought and study, but at the time (1840) there 

 was very little to be learned in regard to con- 

 vict prisons those in existence belonging 

 mainly to two classes, the bad and the very bad 

 institutions. As a result of his report, the 

 Pentonville prison was built. It was on the 

 solitary, or as its friends chose to call it, the 

 separate, system. No expense was spared to 

 make it as nearly perfect as possible, and at 

 first Col. Jebb believed that the ends had in 

 view, the punishment of the offence against the 

 law, the isolation of the prisoner from all evil 

 associations and influences, and the use of the 

 best moral means for his reformation, were 

 fully attained. The prisoners were very quiet, 

 a stillness like that of death reigned through- 

 out the prison, and there was no danger of 

 mutiny or outbreaks. But after a time it be- 

 gan to be painfully evident that under tho 

 system, though administered with great hu- 

 manity and gentleness, the minds of many of 

 the prisoners were giving way ; that fatuity 

 and mental stupor were becoming very com- 

 mon, and occasional suicides occurred. It \va-J 

 also enormously expensive, the support of each 

 criminal costing $250 per year while the savin.LM 

 averaged only $13. Col. Jebb, who had now 

 been permanently placed in the oversight of th>) 

 prisons of the kingdom, deemed it necessary 

 to modify the system somewhat. Accordingly 

 the prisoners were only retained at Pentonvilli) 

 for twelve or fifteen months, and then either 

 transported to North or West Australia, or sent 

 to the public works where they labored in 

 the open air, and in gangs. This produced sonr) 

 improvement; but the injurious effect of th'J 

 solitary confinement was still evident, and in 

 the prisons subsequently constructed, the sepa- 

 ration was far less rigorous and thorough than 

 it had been at Pentonville. When transports- 



