ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



819 



and Boston, 1841). The work was received with 

 great favor by biblical scholars, and immediate- 

 ly became a leading book of reference for all 

 students in that department of research. In 

 1840 he took up his residence in New York, 

 and for a number of years was occupied exclu- 

 sively with the duties of his professorship and 

 with philological and geographical studies. In 

 1852 he revisited Palestine with Dr. Smith for 

 the purpose of completing the investigations 

 previously commenced, and in 1856 published a 

 supplementary volume embodying his new dis- 

 coveries, in ' connection with a revised edition 

 of his original work. During the latter part 

 of his life he was engaged upon a physical and 

 historical geography of the Holy Land, which 

 he did not live to complete. Among his other 

 literary productions were translations of Butt- 

 mann's Greek Grammar and Gesenius's He- 

 brew Lexicon ; A Greek and English Lexicon 

 of the New Testament " ; " The Harmony of 

 the Four Gospels," in Greek and in English ; 

 editions of Calmet's " Biblical Dictionary., 1 ' and 

 other works, &c. He also edited for several years 

 the " Biblical Repository," a theological quar- 

 terly, and the " Bibliotheca Sacra," with which 

 it was subsequently united. He was a prom- 

 inent member of the American geographical, 

 oriental, and ethnological societies, and receiv- 

 ed the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth Col- 

 lege and the University of Halle, and that of 

 LL.D. from Yale College. He was in feeble 

 health during the latter part of his life and in 

 the summer of 1862 visited Germany for surgi- 

 cal treatment of his eyes, which were for some 

 time threatened with total deprivation of sight. 

 He diei of dropsy, having for a few months 

 previous been unable to discharge the active 

 duties of his professorship. 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The pres- 

 ent Head of the Church is Pope Pius IX., be- 

 fore his elevation to the Papal See, Count John 

 Maria Mastai Ferretti, born at Sinigaglia, on 

 13th of May, 1792 ; after the death of Pope 

 Gregory XVI. (1st June, 1846), elected Pope 

 16th Jane, 1846; crowned 21st June, 1846. 

 The Pope is assisted in the administration of 

 the Church by the college of cardinals, which 

 consists (Oct., 1863) of 6 cardinal bishops, 46 

 cardinal priests, and 10 cardinal deacons. The 

 majority of the cardinals are natives of Italy ; 

 of foreigners, there are now in the college of 

 cardinals 8 Frenchmen, 4 Germans, 4 Span- 

 iards, 1 Hungarian, 1 Sclavonian, 1 Englishman, 

 1 Portuguese, 1 Belgian. According to the 

 Annuario Pontifico, for 1863, there are five 

 patriarchates of the Oriental Rite with patri- 

 archal jurisdiction, namely: three in Antioch 

 for the Melchites, Maronites, and Syrians ; one 

 in Babylon for the Chaldeans; one in Cilicia 

 for the Armenians. There are, further, seven 

 patriarchates of the Latin Rite, namely: Con- 

 stantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, 

 Venice, West India, and Lisbon. There are 

 176 archbishoprics; of the 131 belonging to the 

 Latin Rite, 12 are dependent directly upon the 



Roman patriarchate; 119 of these sees are en- 

 dowed with church provinces. There are 694 

 bishoprics 640 of Latin, 54 of Oriental Rites. 

 At this moment there are filled 646 bishoprics, 

 with residence. Beside these, there are 234 

 titular bishoprics, that is, in partibug infideli- 

 um ; so that the total of the bishops amounts 

 to 980. 



The population connected at the present with 

 the Roman Catholic Church amounts to about 

 185,041,000, of whom 38,759,000 belong to 

 America, 138,103,000 to Europe, 7,167,000 to 

 Asia, 1,113,000 to Africa, and 280,000 to Aus- 

 tralia and Polynesia. 



It has for a long time been the endeavor of 

 the Popes to educate at Rome theological stu- 

 dents from all countries of the world, and to 

 found for that purpose national ecclesiastical 

 seminaries. The total number of seminaries at 

 Rome is 25, containing 1,027 students. Among 

 them are the Roman seminary, with 94 stu- 

 dents ; the Pio seminary, with 76 ; the Vatican 

 seminary, with 41 ; the French, with 53 ; the 

 South American, with 45; the North American, 

 with 53. The Propaganda college contains 128 

 students; the German, 59; the English and 

 the Pio-English together, 49; the Scotch, 15; 

 the Irish, 50 ; the Belgian, 6 ; the Gneco-Ru- 

 thenian, 22; the Lombard, 11. 



On October 18th, 1862, the Pope addressed 

 the following letter on the subject of the war 

 in the United States, to the archbishop of New 

 York: 



To our Venerable Brother, John, Archbishop of New York. 



POPE PITTS IX. 



Venerable Brother, Health and Apostolic Benedic- 

 tion: Amongst the various and most oppressive cares 

 which weigh on us in those turbulent and perilous 

 times, we are greatly afflicted by the truly lamentable 

 state in which the Christian people of the tlnited States 

 of America are placed by the destructive civil war 

 broken out amongst them. 



For, venerable brother, we cannot but be over- 

 whelmed with the deepest sorrow whilst we recapitu- 

 late, with paternal feelings, the slaughter, ruin, de- 

 struction, devastation, andthe other innumerable and 

 ever-to-be deplored calamities by which the people 

 themselves are most miserably harassed and dilacer- 

 ated. Hence, we have not ceased to offer up, in the 

 humility of our hearts, our most fervent prayers to 

 God, that He would deliver them from so many and 

 so great evils. 



And we are fully assured that you also, venerable 

 brother, pray and implore, without ceasing, the Lord 

 of Mercies to grant solid peace and prosperity to that 

 country. But since we, by virtue of the office of apos- 

 tolic ministry, embrace, with the deepest sentiments 

 of charity, all the nations of the Christian world, and, 

 though unworthy, administer here on earth the vice- 

 gerent work of Him who is the Author of Peace and 

 the Lover of Charity, we cannot refrain from incul- 

 cating again and again, on the minds of the people 

 themselves, and their chief rulers, mutual charity and 

 peace. 



Wherefore, we write you this letter, in which we 

 urge you, venerable brother, with all the force and 

 earnestness of our mind, to exhort, with your eminent 

 piety and episcopal zeal, your clergy and faithful, to 

 offer up their prayers, and also apply all your study 

 and exertion, with the people and their chief rulers, to 

 restore forthwith the desired tranquillity and peace by 

 which the happiness of both the Christian andthe civil 

 republic is principally maintained. Wherefore, omit 



