o63 ENFANTIN, BARTHELEMY P. 



EUROPE. 



contributed money in large sums. Enfantin 

 was now elected " head " or " Father " of the 

 Association, Bazard, head of Dogma, and Rodri- 

 guez, head of Worship. Enfantin's command- 

 ing presence and great conversational powers 

 exercised a wonderful fascination over the thou- 

 sands who attended these conferences. But with 

 his elevation to the headship he began to pro- 

 pound new dogmas and formulas which did not 

 meet the approval of all his associates. He 

 proposed to substitute for the formula of St. 

 Simon already quoted, this : " To each one ac- 

 cording to his capacity, to each capacity accord- 

 ing to its works." Against this new doctrine 

 Bazard protested with great earnestness, as an 

 entire abandonment of the doctrines of St. 

 Simon, and involving a principle wholly at war 

 with them. He even denounced him as a trai- 

 tor to the great cause of human rights, for the 

 avowal of such a doctrine. Enfantin insisted 

 that this principle was necessary for the over- 

 throw of the right of inheriting, whether public 

 or private. Equally abhorrent to Bazard was 

 Enfantin's doctrine of the liberation of woman, 

 which he proposed to accomplish by the abro- 

 gation of all legal and social restraint in the 

 sphere of love and affection, and by giving to 

 the confessor or priest (of the St. Simonian, not 

 the Catholic Church) full command over the body 

 and soul of his disciples for the purpose of ena- 

 bling him to control their passions. He adhered 

 firmly to these doctrines, and Bazard quitted 

 him together with a considerable number of 

 his followers who did not recognize in this new 

 social order, based, as they believed, on licen- 

 tiousness, the system of St. Simon. A consider- 

 able number, however, still adhered to him, and 

 he indulged daily in new extravagances, wear- 

 ing a badge with "Pere" (Father) in large 

 letters, upon his breast, preaching, writing 

 articles in defence of his new doctrines, com- 

 posing mystic hymns, and dictating mystical 

 propositions to his followers, which both they 

 and he must have found it difficult to compre- 

 hend. He addressed about this tune a series of 

 communications to his disciples, of whom he 

 assumed that he had about forty thousand in 

 France alone, informing them that he was a 

 superior being, set apart by Providence to in- 

 augurate a new era for humanity by the eman- 

 cipation, and through the agency of woman. 

 He desired them to search for a female Messiah 

 who was predestined to bear to him a new 

 Saviour of Mankind. Meantime he himself 

 made great efforts to find this wonderful wo- 

 man, and spent, it is said, $50,000 in giving 

 entertainments, at some of which he hoped she 

 might appear. The search, however, proved in 

 vain ; and yet, despite the attacks of some of his 

 former associates, the number of his adherents 

 increased rapidly in all parts of Europe. His 

 meetings in Paris were prohibited by the 

 government, in consequence of the disorder 

 which prevailed among those in attendance 

 (though Enfantin's disciples were not disorder- 

 ly), in May, 1832, but Enfantin withdrew with 



forty of his followers, among whom were 

 Michel Chevalier, Pereire, and others, to some 

 land belonging to him near Menilmontant, in 

 the neighborhood of Paris, where he established 

 a community who spent six hours of every day 

 in manual labor, and the remainder of their 

 waking hours in their forms of worship, amuse- 

 ment, &c., over all which Enfantin presided. 

 But this did not last long. In August, 1832, ho 

 was arrested and appeared before the courts, 

 bringing with him two women (Cecile Fournel, 

 and Aglae St. Hilaire) whon he demanded 

 should be allowed to defend him as his counsel. 

 The demand was not granted. After two days' 

 trial he was found guilty and sentenced to a 

 year's imprisonment, but was pardoned by Louis 

 Philippe, after a few months' confinement. He 

 then went to Egypt with a dozen or so of his 

 disciples, but three years later returned to 

 France, and engaged in agricultural pursuits, 

 establishing himself also as a postmaster near 

 Lyons. In 1841, through the influence of 

 some of his former disciples, he was appointed 

 member of a Scientific Commission to Algeria, 

 and in 1845 became the Director of the Lyons 

 Railway. In Nov. 1848, in connection with M. 

 Duveyrier, one of his former disciples, he found- 

 ed a daily journal, Le Credit, with the view of 

 reconciling political reform with his old Utopian 

 views. This journal lingered for about a year 

 and a half and then expired. From 1850 till 

 his death he had been largely engaged in the 

 extension of railway communication between 

 France and Italy. Till his last days he held to 

 his doctrines, though he had long ceased to 

 attempt to reduce them to practice. His 

 " Doctrine de Saint Simon" a joint produc- 

 tion of himself and some of his disciples, has 

 passed through a number of editions. In 1859 

 he published a work entitled " Knowledge of 

 Man and Religious Physiology," in which he 

 battled vigorously for his old views, and shortly 

 before his death he had a sharp correspondence 

 with M. Michel Chevalier and M. Pereire, in 

 regard to their abandonment of his doctrines. 



EUROPE. The territorial division of Europe 

 was changed in 1864, by the separation from 

 Denmark of the three duchies of Schleswig, 

 Holstein, and Lauenburg, which, by the treaty 

 of Vienna, were ceded to Prussia and Austria 

 (see SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN). At the end of the 

 year, it was not yet decided what would be the 

 fate of these three duchies. 



The Polish insurrection, which constituted 

 the chief European complication in 1863, drew 

 rapidly toward a close after the beginning of 

 the new year. It never rose again beyond the 

 character of a guerilla warfare. No important 

 engagements between the Russian and the 

 Polish troops took place, and gradually and 

 almost imperceptibly died out. (See POLAND.) 



The most important question which agitated 

 Europe during the year 1864 was the Dano-Ger- 

 man war. In compliance with a resolution of the 

 Federal Diet of January, the troops of Austria, 

 Prussia, Hanover, and Saxony marched into 



