ITALY. 



total, 98 armed war vessels, with 1,338 guns.* 

 The commerce of Italy, with the principal 

 countries of Europe, in 1862, was as follows : 



The movement of shipping in 1862, was as 

 follows : 



Entered. Vessels ............................. 1-24 4iv 



Tonnage ............................ 



Geared. -Vessels ............................... 12-_>.451 



Tonnage ............................ S,1S9,130 



The merchant navy, in 1862, consisted of 



16,500 sailing vessels .......................... 660.000 tons. 



5-2 steamers ............................... 1G.S56 - 



The brigandage in the Xeapolitan provinces 

 had nearly ceased at the beginning of the year 

 1864, and it did not again become a serious dan- 

 ger, or disturb the tranquillity of the country. 

 A bill for the effectual suppression of brigandage 

 was passed in both houses of the Parliament by a 

 great majority. In April another conspiracy* of 

 the adherents of the ex-King of Xaples was dis- 

 covered by the seizure of a number of impor- 

 tant documents, embracing the whole corre- 

 spondence and reports on conspiracies of the 

 Bourbons, from 1861 downward. They not 

 only compromised several thousand persons in 

 the Xeapolitan provinces, but proved that the 

 royal family had continued to keep up an agita- 

 tion. The timely discovery of the conspiracy 

 prevented its outbreak. 



On Jan. 18, 1864, one of the democratic pa- 

 pers of Turin published an address from Gari- 

 baldi to the Italian nation, announcing the for- 

 mation of a committee to promote Italian union. 

 Garibaldi did not find as cordial a response to 

 his manifesto as he expected. The elections, 

 held at the close of January, were mostly favor- 

 able to the moderate party. Garibaldi himself 

 was defeated at Palermo' by Signer Robanda. 

 But the immense enthusiasm with which he 

 was received by the English nation, when he 

 visited England in April, strengthened again the 

 " party of action" throughout Italy. The Min- 

 ister of the Interior, in reply to speeches from 

 several members of the Opposition,' stated that 

 it was not for the Government to declare its in- 

 tions respecting Gen. Garibaldi and his party, 

 but that it was, above all, necessary to know- 

 how the general and his party intended to act. 

 After the journey of Gen. Garibaldi to Lon- 

 don, and the eulogy bestowed by him on Eng- 

 lish institutions, and the respect paid by the 



For more detailed tUtutic* of the ray and the fleet, Me ASSVAI, 

 CtCLOpioii for 1S43. 



English nation to the queen and the laws, tho 

 minister hoped that nobody apart from the 

 king and the Government would speak in the 

 name of the country or pursue a policy differ- 

 ing from that of the Government, and in oppo- 

 sition to the constitution. Garibaldi did not 

 take an active part La Italian politics during the 

 remainder of the year. 



The relations between the Italian Government 

 and Parliament on the one hand, and the Pope 

 and Italian bishops on the other, were not im- 

 proved during the year. Though the Govern- 

 ment often expressed a desire to come to an un- 

 derstanding with the Pope, it was unwilling to 

 abandon the plan of the Italian unity, as the 

 latter demanded. Several new decrees even 

 widened the breach between the two powers. 

 In February, 1864, the Minister of Justice pre- 

 sented to Parliament two bills, one for the sup- 

 pression of all religious corporations, and the 

 other for the suppression of ecclesiastical tithes. 

 By the former not only all convents, but all chap- 

 ters of collegiate churches, and all ecclesiastical 

 benefices, are suppressed. Monks are to receive 

 a life interest varying between 300f. and 600f. 

 Xuns are to be allowed to continue to live in 

 their convents, but when their number in any 

 one establishment is reduced to six, they may 

 be transferred to some other establishment. 

 According to the " Opinione " of Turin, the to- 

 tal income of all the ecclesiastical property fall- 

 ing within this law amounts to 76,266,616f. per 

 annum. 



Signer Xatoli, the new Minister of Public In- 

 struction (appointed in September, 1864), by a 

 decree, shut up all the ecclesiastical schools, as 

 the bishops refused to submit to the common 

 law, which provides that the Government in- 

 spectors should watch the system of education 

 followed in the colleges, no matter whether 

 they have been founded by the State or are pri- 

 vate institutions. The minister also decreed 

 that the schools of the seminaries shall hence- 

 forth be subjected to the established regulations. 

 The bishops of Italy, on the whole, were as un- 

 compromising in their opposition to the Gov- 

 ernment as the Pope; only one sided openly 

 with the former, and a few others showed a 

 conciliatory spirit. At the close of the year the 

 Government had, however, the satisfaction to 

 see that one of the cardinals, d' Andrea, pro- 

 nounced himself openly for a reconciliation 

 between itself and the "Church, on the basis 

 of recognizing the principle of Italian unity; 

 and it was rumored that six other cardinals 

 sympathized with him. On Dec. 8th the Pope 

 issued a famous encyclical letter to all the bish- 

 ops of the Catholic world, which directly con- 

 demned the principal features in the policy of 

 the Italian government, and therefore threaten- 

 ed to lead to new complications during the year 

 1865. (See PUBLIC DOCUMENTS.) 



A convention, which may have a far-reaching 

 influence on the politics of Europe, was con- 

 cluded between the Governments of France and 

 Italy on the loth of Sept. The text of the con 



