442 



ITALY. 



vention, as published by the official gazette of 

 the kingdom of Italy, is as follows: 



Art. 1. Italy engages not to attack the present ter- 

 ritory of the Holy Father, and to prevent even by 

 force every attack upon the said territory coming 

 from without. 



Art. 2. France will withdraw her troops from the 

 Pontifical States gradually, and in proportion as the 

 army of the Holy Father shall be organized. The 

 evacuation shall, nevertheless, be accomplished with- ' 

 in the space of two years. 



Art. 3. The Italian Government engages to raise 

 no protest against the organization of a Papal army, 

 even if composed of foreign Catholic volunteers, suf- 

 ficing to maintain the authority of the Holy Father 

 and tranquillity, as well in the interior as upon the 

 frontier of his States ; provided that this force should 

 not degenerate into a means of attack against the 

 Italian Government. 



Art. 4. Italy declares herself ready to enter into an 

 arrangement to take under her charge a proportionate 

 part of the debt of the former States of the Church. 



As a corollary to this document, it was agreed 

 also that the capital of Italy should be removed 

 from Turin to Florence. It soon became appa- 

 rent that there was not a full agreement be- 

 tween the two Governments about the policy 

 to be pursued in case the people of Eome should 

 rise against the Papal Government, and demand 

 annexation to Italy. A long diplomatic corre- 

 spondence followed on this subject. 



The French Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. 

 Drouyn de L'huys, on Oct. 80th, addressed a 

 note to the Italian minister at Turin, in which 

 he explains the obligations which, according to 

 the French cabinet, the recent convention re- 

 garding Eome imposes upon King Victor Em- 

 manuel. The Italian Government is to be 

 restricted from employing, among other " vio- 

 lent means " against the Pope, " the manoeuvres 

 of revolutionary agents upon the Pontifical ter- 

 ritory, as well as all agitation tending to pro- 

 duce insurrectionary movements ; " and the 

 "moral means" are to "consist solely in the 

 forces of civilization and progress," while the 

 only "aspirations" to be considered legitimate by 

 the Court of Turin are to be " those whose object 

 is the reconciliation of Italy with the Papacy." 

 The transfer of the Italian capital from Turin 

 to Florence is to be " a serious pledge given to 

 France; " and "to suppress this pledge would 

 be to destroy the contract." Finally, " the 

 event of a revolution breaking out spontane- 

 ously at Eome, is not foreseen by the conven- 

 tion ; " and " France reserves her liberty of ac- 

 tion for this eventuality," while the Italian cab- 

 inet is to follow the policy of Count Cavour, 

 who " declared that Rome could only be united 

 to Italy and become the capital with the consent 

 of France." 



Gen. La Marmora, on Nov. Yth, addressed a 

 note to Chevalier di Nigra, Italian ambassador 

 at Paris, in consequence of the publication of 

 the despatches of M. Drouyn de L'huys in the 

 " Moniteur." 



Gen. La Marmora states that the present min- 

 istry accepted the convention of the 15th Sept. 

 because its clear and precise text could not give 

 rise to any doubt, and because they thought 



that, taken lifc rally, it was advantageous to 

 Italy. 



The convention provides by positive assur- 

 ance for the exigencies and relations of the 

 Papacy with regard to France and the Catholic 

 world. The Government repels even the thought 

 of ever having recourse to secret dealings, which 

 it regrets to have seen mentioned by M. Drouyn 

 de L'huys, but it has entire confidence in tho 

 action of civilization and progress. Both pow- 

 ers can have their own opinion upon the conse- 

 quences of this act, but this cannot be the sub- 

 ject of practical discussion from the moment 

 that Italy affirms that if her tendencies are to 

 be realized, it shall never be by the violation of 

 the treaty, whatever may be the national aspi- 

 rations, independently of the question of a strict 

 execution of the treaty. This is a ground on 

 which the king's Government cannot place it- 

 self. The aspirations of a people belong to its 

 national conscience, and cannot form the sub- 

 ject of an international discussion. 



Eeconciliation between Italy and the Papacy 

 has always been an object of the Government, 

 and the convention will help to attain it. 



M. Drouyn de L'huys having taken the initia- 

 tive in mentioning the possibility of a sponta- 

 neous revolution in Eome and of the fall of the 

 temporal power, Italy reserves, as France does, 

 her liberty of action for such a case. 



The convention was severely denounced on 

 the one hand by the Catholic party, which 

 saw in it a new danger for the temporal power , 

 of the Pope, and on the other by the party 

 of action, headed by Mazzini and Garibaldi, 

 which regarded it as a cowardly submission to 

 French dictation, and as an abandonment, at 

 least for the present, of the fondest hope of 

 the Italian nation. Garibaldi, in reply to a let- 

 ter from his friend, Gen. Avezzana, who declar- 

 ed himself as energetically as possible against 

 the convention, wrote as follows : 



CAPRERA, October 10. 



MY DEAR AVEZZANA, Like you, I deplore the mas- 

 sacre (uccidio) of the brave people of Turin. Like 

 you I grieve (lamento) to see our country so badly 

 and so shamefully (yergoqnos'amente) governed. From 

 the state of things generally I think I need not for 

 the moment quit Caprera. I am, &c. 



G. GARIBALDI. 



But the great majority of the Italian states- 

 men, and a majority of both houses of the 

 Italian Parliament, heartily endorsed the con- 

 vention. Baron Eiccasoli, the former Prime 

 Minister of Italy, and undoubtedly one of the 

 greatest Italian statesmen now living, thus ex- 

 presses his views, about the convention : 



I regard in that convention rather what it does not 

 say than what it does say. The retreat of the French 

 from Rome within a prescribed term, and the princi- 

 ple of non-intervention proclaimed by that fact, are 

 of themselves no slight matter; but events will prove 

 that what at present remains unseen will be ot still 

 more importance. Besides, what have we to gain 

 without the convention? And, at this day, what do 

 we lose with it ? The condition of the transfer of tho 

 capital from Turin to Florence has taken the effect 

 on me of a thunderbolt from a clear sky. But who 



