RUSSIA. 



72D 



also, 1S3,V85 Cossacks on furlough, who, in case 

 of war, would serve as reserves. Also, 144,814 

 men, mostly Bashkirs, who in times of peace 

 are exempt from service on paying a war tax. 

 Altogether, the Government, in time of war, 

 could dispose of about 1,600,000. 



The Russian navy, on the 13th June (1st June 

 0. S.), 1862, was composed as follows : 



Steam Vessels. 

 Ships of the line 9 I Gunboats TO 



Screw frigates 12 



Sidewheel frigates S 



s 22 



Clippers 12 



Floating Battery (iron- 

 clad) 1 



Iron-clad frigate 1 



Having an aggregate horse-power of 37,007, and 2,3i7 ?uns. 



YachU 2 



Schooners -Jo 



Transports 9 



Small sidewheel steamers. 63 



Total steamers 243 



Sailing Vessels, 



Ships of the line 9 



Frigates. 5 



Corvettes 3 



Bri-s 3 



Schooners 13 



Gunboats . . . 



Tenders 2 



Transports. 13 



Yachts 12 



Total. 



62 



Carrying 1,304 guns. 



Total of steamers and sailing vessels, 310, 

 carrying 3,691 guns. Besides the above, there 

 were three floating batteries and about 300 

 coasting vessels. The personnel of the fleet on 

 Jan. 1, 18G2, was admirals and generals, 95 ; 

 staff and subaltern officers, 3,245 ; civil func- 

 tionaries, 966; soldiers and sailors, 55,216; 

 marine guards and conductors, 169. During 

 the year there was a reduction of 400 in the 

 number of officers, and of 10,000 in the number 

 of soldiers and sailors. 



The Polish revolution, which had been the 

 most prominent event in the history of Russia, 

 in 1863, was rapidly drawing to a close after 

 the beginning of the new year. The Vienna 

 u Lloyd " gave the following review of tlu- 

 of insurrection at the close of 1863 : 



Xever were there so many bodies of insurgents in 

 the Government of Lublin as now. Since the battle 

 of Chelm, in the middle of November, the corps of 

 Waligovski, Wierzbicki, Krysinski, Cwiek, Marecki, 

 Szydlowski, Leniewski, Krysinski, Ejtmanowicz, and 

 many others, numbering 5,000 men in all, hare been 

 placed under the chief command of Gen. Kruk, who 

 himself is at the head of a body of horse. These 

 numerous little bands do much damage to the Rus- 

 sian garrisons, which, including those of Zamosc and 

 Iwangrod, number upwards of 13,000 men. In 

 the neighboring palatinate of Sandomir, in which 

 Gen. Bossack is the chief commandant, the insur- 

 gent corps under Rembojle, Rudowski, and Emin- 

 owicz, number 3,000 men. The brilliant assault on 

 the town of Opatow, and Kruk's victories at Oco- 

 sienko and Dzialoszyce, prove that the insurgents 

 are in this palatinate more than a match for the^Rus- 

 sians, although the latter are upwards of 8,000 strong. 

 In the other palatinates the military forces of the in- 

 surrection have to a great extent been absorbed by 

 the civil organization. There are, however, still the 

 little bands of Okuniewski, Xowicki, Pongowski, 

 Korytkowski, Putt Hammer, Szumlanski, Syrewicz, 

 Zychlynski, Gleba, and many others, which harass 

 the R'ussians by constant skirmishings. In Sam- 

 ogitia the insurgents are again increasing in num- 

 bers. They are led by Kolysko, Wyslouch, and 

 Kuszleyko. These little bands amounted in all to 

 about iO.OOO men. 



The most successful among the Polish leaders 

 during the first months of the year 18C !. 

 Gen. Bossack, who, on February 22, captured 

 the town of Opatow, and successfully h;r 

 the Russians in the months of March and 

 April, but then he also had to yield to the 

 overwhelming forces of the enemy. Since 

 May, little has been heard of guerrillas and 

 engagements. The secret National Govern- 

 ment continued issuing proclamations as late 

 as July, but they failed to have any marked 

 effect. At length the chiefs of the" National 

 Government were discovered, and on August 

 5th, M. Traugott, the head of the Government, 

 together with Krajewski, Foeyski, Zulinski, 

 and Tezioranski, the chiefs of the different de- 

 partments, were hanged on the glacis of the 

 citadel of Warsaw. The sentences of death 

 passed upon eleven officials of the National 

 Government were commuted in some cases to 

 hard labor, and in others to imprisonment in a 

 Siberian fortress. 



Official statements of the Russian Govern- 

 ment give the following statistics, relating to the 

 insurrection in Poland: "During the sixteen 

 months of the struggle (January 1863 to April 

 1864), 30,000 insurgents were killed or severely 

 wounded; 361 were condemned to death by 

 military tribunals, and 85,000 persons less com- 

 promised were transported to Siberia. The 

 war contributions levied were six millions of 

 roubles in the kingdom of Poland, three mil- 

 lions in Lithuania, two millions in Tolhynia, 

 Podolia, and Kiew. The National Govern- 

 ment, on its side, raised the following sums : 

 6ix millions in Poland, three millions in Lith- 

 uania, two millions in Volhynia, Podolia, and 

 Kiew, two and a half millions in Galicia, and 

 one million in Posnania. The number of Poles 

 who found an asvlum abroad is estimated at 

 10,000. 



On March 6th, an imperial manifesto an- 

 nouncing the emancipation of the peasants 

 throughout Poland, was promulgated. Another 

 decree of the same date treats of the organiza- 

 tion of the communal administrations on the 

 principle of self-go? ettiment in Poland, by 

 which all connection between the nobility and 

 peasantry is entirely severed. 



On September 20th, an imperial rescript was 

 issued, accompanied by five decrees, containing 

 a series of liberal measures relative to public 

 instruction in Poland, the creation of a univer- 

 sity at Warsaw, and the establishment of nu- 

 merous superior middle and primary schools, 

 and a free school for women. The Poles pre- 

 serve the use of their national language. For 

 the other nationalities of the kingdom s; 

 schools are established, in which their respec- 

 tive idioms will be used. A sixth decree mod- 

 ifies the penal code by mi'igating the penalties 

 hitherto inflicted, and abolishes corporeal pun- 

 ishment. 



Another great war which had engaged the 

 Russian Government for about thirty years ,that 

 against the Circassians, was brought to a close 



