66 



BRAZIL. 



chemistry, and soon after became connected 

 with a new medical school in his town, and 

 rapidly attained a reputation as a teacher and 

 demonstrator of chemistry. In 1809 he was 

 chosen Fellow of the Royal Society, and a few 

 years later was Dr. Wollaston's successor as 

 secretary. In 1812 he became Professor of 

 Chemistry and Materia Medica to the Apothe- 

 caries' Company, and in 1851 was elected 

 Master. In 1813 he was, on the recommenda- 

 tion of Sir Humphrey Davy, appointed Profes- 

 sor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, and 

 delivered lectures for many years in conjunction 

 with Mr. Faraday, who was also associated 

 with, him as editor of the " Quarterly Journal 

 of Science." In 1825 he was appointed Super- 

 intendent of the Die Department of the Mint, 

 and some years after, Fellow and Examiner of 

 the London University. Besides Professor 

 Brando's famous " Manual of Chemistry," which 

 has been translated into so many foreign lan- 

 guages, he was author of " Outlines of Geology," 

 "Encyclopaedia of Science and Art," repub- 

 lished and extensively sold in this country, and 

 many valuable papers in English medical jour- 

 nals. In 1853 he received the honorary degree 

 of D. 0. L. from the' University of Oxford. 



BRAZIL. Emperor Pedro II., born Decem- 

 ber 2, 1825 ; succeeded his father, Pedro I., on 

 April 7, 1831. The emperor has no son. His 

 oldest daughter, Princess Isabella, was married, 

 October 15, 1864, to the Count d'Eu, son of the 

 Duke de Nemours, and grandson of the late King 

 Louis Philippe of France. 



A new ministry was appointed on August 6, 

 1866, composed as follows: Finances, Zacharias 

 de Goes Vasconcellos, President of the Council ; 

 Interior, Jos6 Joaq Fernandes da Torres ; Jus- 

 tice, Joao Lustosa da Cunha Paranagua; For- 

 eign Affairs, Martinho Francisco Ribeiro da 

 Andrada ; War, Angelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz ; 

 Navy, Dr. Affonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo ; 

 Public Works, Agriculture, and Commerce, Dr. 

 Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas. 



American minister at Rio de Janeiro, J. 

 Watson Webb (accredited October 21, 1861) ; 

 Brazilian minister at Washington, J. M. N. 

 d'Azambuja (accredited April 23, 1865). 



The receipts in the year 1864-'65 amounted 

 to 59,476,675 milreis. The budgefr of 1865-'66 

 estimates the expenditures at 67,522,980 railreis 

 and the receipts at 52,000,000 ; probable defi- 

 cit, 12,522,980. The internal consolidated debt 

 amounted, on March 81, 1866, to 90,442.200 

 milreis ; the external consolidated debt to 14,- 

 735,200 milreis. 



The total force of the army amounted to 74,- 

 318 men. Of the two corps in the field, the 

 first numbered 33,078, and the second, 15,396 

 men. The fleet, in 1866, consisted of 10 iron- 

 clads, exclusive of two in course of construc- 

 tion, 57 other armed vessels, and 10 non-armed 

 vessels. A law of May 13, 1864, fixes the force 

 of the marine, for the year 1864-'65, at 3,000 

 men, and, if necessary, at 5,000. 



The exports from 1864 to 1865 amounted to 



141,068,000 railreis, and the imports to 131,- 

 594,000 milreis. The movement of shipping of 

 the year 1863 to 1864 was as follows: 



The area of Brazil is estimated at 3,000,460 

 English square miles. The population, accord- 

 ing to the census of 1856, was 7,677,800. (By 

 rectifying the statements for some of the prov- 

 inces, Baril de la Hure, in his work V Empire 

 du Bresil, changed these figures into 7,755,657.) 

 According to the official census of 1859, the 

 population exceeded 8,000,000. The Geogra- 

 phia, published by the Senator Pompeo (Rio de 

 Janeiro, 1864), gave the population of the em- 

 pire as 10,045,000. 



In November the emperor liberated the na- 

 tional slaves, the profits of whose labors be- 

 longed to the crown. Large numbers of the 

 freedmen entered the Brazilian army. 



A second " National Exposition " was held in 

 1866, which was closed on December 10th, in 

 the presence of the imperial family. The closing 

 address of the president of the directing com- 

 mittee, Conseilhero Souza Ramos, stated that 

 the exposition opened with 18.391 products 

 contributed by 2,127 exhibitors, to which were 

 afterward added 1,737 products furnished by 

 247 contributors from Pernambuco and Ceara, 

 thus raising the number of articles shown to 

 20,128, representing 2,374 exhibitors, an in- 

 crease of 10,266 articles and 1,238 exhibitors 

 over those of the exhibition of 1861, although 

 for various reasons Matto Grosso, Goyas, Minas 

 Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Alagoas did not for- 

 ward collections. The number of visitors was 

 52,824, against 18,553 in 1861, and the commit- 

 tee remark with pride that not a single disagree- 

 able circumstance occurred even on the most 

 crowded days. They also pay a tribute to the 

 great interest taken in the exposition by the 

 imperial family, and their frequent visits to it, 

 and careful examination of the articles ex- 

 hibited. 



On December 7, 1866, the following highly 

 important decree, opening up the Amazon and 

 other rivers, was published : 



With the wish to promote the welfare of the em- 

 pire, and to draw closer international relations by 

 opening the navigation and commerce of the River 

 Amazon and its tributaries, the River Tocantins and 

 the River San Francisco, and having consulted with 

 my ministers of state, I have resolved and do hereby 

 decree as follows : 



ART. 1. From the 7th of September, 1807, shall be 

 open to the commerce of all nations, the navigation 

 of the River Amazon as far as the frontiers of Brazil, 

 of the River Tocantins to Cameta, of the River Ta- 

 pajoz to Santarem, and of the River Madeira tc 

 Marnios. 



