CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER. 



OANDIA. 



87 



lowing results were reported in November, 

 1866: Total number of children between five 

 and fifteen years of nge in the State, 84,052; 

 total number enrolled on the school register 

 during the yonr, 50,178; average number be- 

 ' to public schools, 48,091 ; average daily 

 attendance in public, schools, 33,989. The num- 

 ber of pupils enrolled in the normal echool was 

 whom 88 wire females and 10 males. 

 Seventeen counties were represented. Thennm- 

 II.T of pupils in tin.- public schools of San Fran- 

 in 18G6 was 11,552, and 4,403 were re- 

 turned as attending private schools. There wore 

 tluve high schools, seven grammar schools, and 

 thirtv-one primary schools in the city. 



CAM1M5KLI,, ALEXANDER, D. D., founder of 

 the religions denomination called "Disciples of 

 Christ," born in the County of Antrim, Ireland, 

 June, 1T86, died in Bethany, Va.,- March 4, 

 1866. On his father's side his ancestors were 

 Scotch ; on his mother's, French. His early 

 education was received in Ireland, under the 

 superintendence of his father, the Rev. Thomas 

 Campbell, a Presbyterian clergyman, and his 

 riper education at the University of Glasgow, 

 Scotland. In 1809 ho emigrated to the United 

 States, and proceeding to Washington, Pa., 

 where his father had previously settled, con- 

 tinued his studies with him until May, 1810, 

 when ho commenced preaching at Brush Run, 

 near Washington, Pa. In 1812 he, together 

 with his wife and his father's family, was im- 

 mersed, to use his own expression, " into the 

 Christian faith." In connection with his father, 

 he formed several congregations, which united 

 with a Baptist Association, but protested against 

 all human creeds as a bond of union, accepting 

 the Bible alone as the rule of faith and practice, 

 lie met with much opposition in the assertion 

 of this principle, and in 1827 he was excluded 

 from the fellowship of the Baptist churches. 

 From this date his followers began to form into 

 a separate body, and in .1833 were supposed 

 to number at least one hundred thousand 

 souls. In 1841 Mr. Campbell founded Bethany 

 College in Virginia. In 1823 lie commenced 

 the publication of " The Christian Baptist and 

 Millennial Harbinger," in which may be found 

 a complete history of the reform to which he 

 was so thoroughly devoted, and which periodi- 

 cal he continued to edit for forty years. During 

 this time, including his debates, which he 

 merely assisted in bringing out, and two editions 

 of his Hymn Book, he issued from the press 

 fifty-two volumes. lie was a man of strong 

 intellect, fine scholarship, and great logical 

 powers. 



< 'A NDIA (or CBKTE), an island belonging to 

 the Turkish empire. The area of Candia, in- 

 clusive of the adjacent small islands, Dia, Yan- 

 . Klasa, Kupho-nisi, Gaidaro-nisi, Gaudo, 

 Gaudo Pulo, Elaphonisi, Pondico-nisi, Grabusa, 

 Agria Grabusa, Tbeodoro, 3,319 square miles 

 (the smaller islands have about thirty-two). 

 The population is estimated by Captain Sprat t 

 (" Travels and Researches in Crete," London, 



1865) at about 210,000, living in about 800 vil- 

 lages, and the three towns of Candia, Caoea 



( Khania), and lietimo, which towns ha-. 

 gether a population of 85,000 inhabitants. A 

 work on Candia, more recently publi.shod in 

 , estimates the number of village* at 

 1,046, and the population at 300,000. 



The island of Candia, which has for about 

 200 years belonged to the Turkish empire, has 

 often been the theatre of bloody attempts on 

 the part of the people to regain their ancient 

 independence, or become united with Greece. 

 Another upri-ing of this kind occurred in the 

 year 1866, and was not at the close of the year 

 suppressed. The movement began in April, 

 when representatives from all parts of the island 

 assembled at Koutzounaria, about one hour's 

 distance from the city of Canea, where the 

 Governor-General of the island and the foreign 

 consuls reside. Attended by several thousands 

 of unarmed people, the Bishops of Sidonia and 

 Kissamos met with the representatives of the 

 towns of Canea and Ketiino, and of the coun- 

 try districts, and together they drew up a peti- 

 tion to the Sultan, in which they confined 

 themselves to asking for such privileges only as 

 had been guaranteed to them by the great 

 powers. At the same time another address 

 was confidentially transmitted to the sovereigns 

 of France, Great Britain, and Russia, which 

 expressed more fully the real desires of the 

 Cretan people. For over three months no re- 

 ply whatever was made by the Turkish Gov- 

 ernment; but troops to the number of about 

 22,000 were gradually concentrated upon the 

 island, and pushed forward into the interior 

 with the design of seizing upon the strategic 

 points. Then, on July 22, 1866, the Grand 

 Vizier issued a letter to the Governor-General, 

 in which the Turkish Government refused even 

 to entertain complaints, and threatened severe 

 penalties upon those who should continue to 

 ofl'er them. The Governor was directed, in 

 case of further persistence, to attack and dis- 

 perse the Cretan assemblies, and to arrest and 

 imprison their chiefs in the fortresses. 



Ismail Pacha, the Governor, forthwith issued 

 a proclamation, in accordance with these or- 

 ders. In reply, the Cretan General Assembly, 

 then in session at Prosnero, decided to take up 

 arms, and on August 1st they addressed the 

 following manifesto to the consuls of the Chris- 

 tian powers : 



PROTEST OF THE CRETANS OX TAKING CP ARMS. 



ProsxF.RO, August 1, 1366. 



The undesigned, representatives of the Christian 

 population of Candia, met together in a General As- 

 sembly of the Cretans, think it their duty to make 

 you witnesses of the violence which has urged them, 

 in spite of themselves, to take up arms for their k-i_ r iii- 

 mate defence. Hellenes, both in origin and language, 

 we combated, iu company with our brothers of 

 Greece, during the whole of the war of indepen- 

 dence, without ever having been admitted to enjoy 

 the fruits of liberty. And yet, in assembling in this 



Elace, we had never dared to ask for any thing 

 eyond the rights which the protecting powers 

 hud guaranteed to us by treaties and protocols ; we 



