CANDIA. 



OASS, LEWIS. 



sembled in the large hall, under the Superior 

 of the convent, Father Gabriel, and resolved to 

 blow up the buildings. The powder was de- 

 posited in the cellars, and the match was ap- 

 plied by Emanuel T. Oulas, a monk of twenty 

 years of age. The explosion left one wing of 

 the building standing, in which, thirty-nine men 

 and sixty women and children escaped with 

 Bome wounds. The large and beautiful church 

 was also left uninjured; but this the Turks sub- 

 sequently plundered and burned. It is said that 

 the wounded were slaughtered by the Turks, 

 after applying torches to their faces to ascertain 

 if they lived. The Greeks claim that more than 

 two thousand Turks were killed and over one 

 thousand wounded by the explosion, und that 

 their army was greatly dispirited by this event. 

 A brother-in-law of Mustapha Pacha was among 

 the killed. The Greek accounts say that the 

 Turks mutilated the Grecian dead in an obscene 

 manner, and left them unburied, in consequence 

 of which the vicinity of the convent became un- 

 approachable on account of the stench. 



In the early part of December the Cretan 

 General Assembly issued another proclamation 

 to the people, encouraging them not to submit, 

 but to persevere in the struggle of independ- 

 ence, and holding out the hope that ships would 

 soon arrive to carry away their women and 

 children, and then they would only have to hold 

 out a little longer, and the Christian nations 

 would interfere in their behalf. " The three 

 great protecting powers, aided by America, 

 that friend of humanity, labor for a prompt in- 

 tervention." 



The Turkish Government in so far yielded to 

 the representations made by the Christian gov- 

 ernments, as to allow foreign ships-of-war to 

 carry away such persons as desired to leave the 

 island, and thousands of women and children 

 were thus sent to Greece. The Turkish Gov- 

 ernment repeatedly endeavored to enter into 

 negotiations with the insurgents, and was un- 

 sparing in its promises of reform, but it was un- 

 successful. The military operations during the 

 month of December were mostly confined to 

 the western part of the island, lying beyond 

 Canea, which is divided into two provinces, 

 Kissamos to the northwest, and Selinos to the 

 south. On the operations in the last week of 

 December, the Athens correspondent of the 

 London Times (in a letter dated January 3, 

 1867), reported as follows: "The steady ad- 

 /ance of Mustapha Pacha is subjecting all the 

 western part of Crete, which has hitherto been 

 the stronghold of the insurrection, to the Otto- 

 man arms. He has reestablished the authority 

 of the Porte in the province of Kissamos, and 

 is now with his army in the heart of Selinos. 

 His knowledge of the interests as well as the 

 feuds of the Greek Mussulmans and Greek 

 Christians in the different provinces has retard- 

 ed and modified the military operations of the 

 Ottoman troops. He has now forced his way 

 into Selinos and compelled the insurgents and 

 Greek volunteers to abandon their camp at 



Zurva, where they were prepared to fight a 

 great battle, without any engagement. Accord 

 ing to the accounts sent to Athens, 6,000 troop 

 were collected at Zurva. On the 29th of De- 

 cember, the Eussian frigate Grand Admiral, ar 

 rived in the Piraeus with more than 1,000 refu- 

 gees on board, who were embarked at Tripiti, 

 on the eastern shore of the province of Selinos, 

 near the southwestern precipices of the Spha- 

 kian mountains. A Turkish frigate was watch- 

 ing the coast, and the captain called upon the 

 Eussian to observe the blockade and not com- 

 municate with the insurgents, but the Eussian 

 captain replied, that he had orders to embark 

 the non-combatants on the coast, and the Turk 

 then withdrew. The Greeks look upon the 

 forcing of the blockade by the Eussian frigate, 

 not as an act of humanity only, but also as a 

 deliberate act of intervention." 



The insurrection of the Cretans had from the 

 beginning found the most enthusiastic sympa- 

 thy in Greece, and in those Turkish provinces 

 and islands which are chiefly inhabited by 

 Greeks. Large numbers of volunteers were 

 nocking from Greece to Candia, being mostly 

 transported there by the Greek steamer Pan- 

 hellenion, which made regular trips between 

 Candia and the neighboring Greek island of 

 Syra. Public opinion in Greece even urged the 

 government to risk an open war in behalf of the 

 Cretans, but thus far the Greek Government 

 did not venture to proceed. Insurrectionary 

 movements were attempted in Epirus, Thessaly, 

 and several islands, for the purpose of aiding 

 the Turks, but they had not the desired effect. 

 (See TURKEY.) In Eussia, public opinion was 

 also very emphatic in expressions of sympathy, 

 and the emperor and all the members of the im- 

 perial family forwarded their subscriptions to 

 the committees organized for the aid of the suf- 

 ferers in Candia. Equally divided was the sym- 

 pathy of the liberal party throughout Europe, and 

 stirring appeals in behalf of the insurgents were 

 issued by Victor Hugo and Garibaldi. Of the 

 friends of the latter, a number went as volun- 

 teers to Candia, and Garibaldi himself expressed 

 his desire to follow them. In the United States 

 the sympathy with the Cretans was also exten- 

 sive, but it did not begin to manifest itself on 

 a grand scale until the beginning of the year, 

 1867. The Governments of France and Eng- 

 land showed more sympathy with the mainte- 

 nance of the Turkish rule, than the success of 

 the insurrection, but declared their readiness to 

 join the other powers in urging the Turkish 

 Government to give new guarantees for the 

 execution of the reforms which many years ago 

 had been promised to the Christians by the 

 Hatti-IInmayum. 



CASS, Hon. LEWIS, an American statesman, 

 born at Exeter, K II., October 9, 1782 ; died in 

 Detroit, Mich., June 17, 1866. He was the 

 eldest son of Jonathan Cass, who at the age of 

 nineteen entered the ranks of the Continental 

 army, and served through all the arduous cam- 

 paigns of the Eevolutiou, attaining the position 



