KIT, ALFRED. 



EUROPE. 



;>crt on the subject. Contributions to th-> 

 Titeruturo of electricity during tho year have 



tew, anil, for tho most part, unimportant. 

 Tho American Journal of Science for July con- 



! an essay on thr /'//''/;/, of Thermo- 

 'i- nuts ly Percussion, by Professor 



i: 1; and tho same magazine for No- 



r and January (iSi'.Tl, un elaborate paper 

 by Mr. IK-rnian HatiL', entitled, Experiment* on 

 the Electro-Motive J-'r<-,, ,i,,,l the Resistance 

 of a d'ltli :f . At tho August meet- 



ing of tlio American Association for the Ad- 

 vancement of Science, E. 15. Elliott read a pa- 

 per on The Mutual Action of Electrical Cur- 

 rent*, and Dr, Bradley one on The Galvanic 

 lottery. 



ELY, ALFRED, D. D., a Congregational clergy- 

 man, born in West Springfield, Mass., November 

 8, 1778; died at Monson, Mass., July 6, 1866. 

 Leaving his home at the age of fifteen, he re- 

 sided first at Springfield, then at Hartford, un- 

 til his twenty-first year, when, soon after, he 

 began the study of Latin grammar with a view- 

 to prepare himself for college and tho work of 

 the ministry. In October, 1802, he entered 

 the junior class at Princeton, where ho gradu- 

 ated in September, 1804, and was immediately 

 elected a tutor in that college, where he re- 

 gained one year. Ho then returned to "West 

 Springfield and commenced the study of di- 

 vinity with the pastor of his youth, the cele- 

 brated Dr. Lathrop of that place. He was 

 licensed to preach in February, 1806, and in 

 June of that year ho preached his first sermon 

 at Monson and was ordained the following 

 December. His pastorate was as remarkable 

 for its success as for its great length. Living 

 always in one place of service, which he never 

 desired to leave, he became identified with all 

 its interests, ecclesiastical and temporal. He 

 was a trustee of Monson Academy from 1807 

 till his death, and he was only a few days pre- 

 vious elected, the forty-seventh time succes- 

 sively, to tho office of president of the board. 

 lit- was one of the earliest trustees of Amherst 

 College, and in that office assisted in sustaining 

 the institution in all the difficulties and dis- 

 couragements of its early history. Ho was 



d in 1840 a corporate member of tho 

 American Board for Foreign Missions, and in 

 that groat enterprise has always Keen an ardent 

 and efficient helper. Several of his sermons 

 have boon published. 



ESTERHAZY, Prince PAUL AJTTOIXK, a Ilun- 

 parian nobleman, born March 10, 1786; died at 

 Ratisbon, May, 1866. He was the representa- 

 tive of the oldest branch of an illustrious Hun- 

 garian house, and in some respects was one of 

 the most widely known of the Magyar nobility 

 in Europe. In the first quarter of tho century 



is acting as ambassador to Dresden. In 

 concert with the Princes de Metternich and de 

 Schwartzenburg, he contributed to tho arrange- 

 ment of the marriage of Napoleon I. with Maria 

 Louisa. In 1814, during the Congress of Cha- 

 tillon, ho accepted a secret mission to Napoleon, 



with a view to induce the emperor to make 

 peace. Afterward ho was ambassador of An*- 

 tria at Koine, and acted as representative of 

 that power at the coronation of Charles X. 

 lie was also for several years Austrian ambas- 

 sador at London, where he took a prominent 

 part in tho negotiations which brought about 

 tin- ereation of the kingdoms of Greece and 

 lieL'iiiD). In 1841 he withdrew for a time to 

 private life, but in 1848 he occupied for a few 

 months a position in the Hungarian ministry, 

 under Count Louis Batthyanyi, but retired when 

 he saw that a rupture with Austria was inevit- 

 able. Ills landed possessions were immense. 

 Owning hundreds of manors, chatcaus, villages, 

 and estates in Hungary, he possessed besides 

 large manors in Lower Austria, in Baden, and 

 in Bavaria. His grandest palace was at Eisen- 

 stadt, on his Hungarian possessions. His col- 

 lections of works of art and precious stones 

 were such as to rival those of kings. It is said 

 that when some one was calling attention to a 

 fine specimen of lapis lazuli he looked at it in- 

 differently and remarked, "I have a mantel- 

 piece made of that at home." His last appear- 

 ance in a foreign court was as representative of 

 Austria in 1856, at the coronation of Alexander 

 II., emperor of Russia. 



EUROPE. According to tho latest and 

 most accurate statements the area of Europe 

 amounts to 3,778,561 English square miles, and 

 the aggregate population, according to the cen- 

 suses taken up to the end of the year 1865, to 

 285,000,000.* We give in the present volume 

 of the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA an article on 

 every European country, with the exception 

 of the following: Andorra, a little republic 

 lying between Spain and France, area about 

 one hundred and seventy English square miles, 

 population about twelve thousand ; San Mari- 

 no, a little republic within the bounds of Italy, 

 area about twenty-two English square miles, 

 and five thousand seven hundred inhabitants 

 (in 1850), and the principality of Monaco, 

 which after the sale of Mentone and Rocca- 

 bruna to France (in 1861) contains only the 

 community of Monaco, with an area of about 

 six square miles, and one thousand eight hun- 

 dred and eighty-seven inhabitants. 



The year 1866 will be noted in the history 

 of Europe for the most important war which 

 has been carried on since 1815 (see GEKMAX- 

 ITALIAN WAH) ; and for tho most important 

 territorial change which has yet been made in 

 the map of Europe, as arranged by the Con- 

 gress of Vienna. The Germanic Confederation 

 was declared to be dissolved, and the large ma- 

 jority of the States belonging to it formed a 

 new one, called the North German Confedera- 



* These totals are given in Urchin's Gtoyraphitchu 

 Jahrbuch (Ootha, 1866), the completest and most trustwor- 

 thy source of Information on all matters of geopraphy. In 

 some articles, as for instance France, wo aro able to civo 

 later statistics of population, but do not change the totals. 

 as the dltt'ercnce Is not considerable, and at the time of this 

 PU<M going to press we cannot yet ascertain from which 

 countries we may get later statistics. 



