284 



EUROPE. 



tion, which is entirely under the control of 

 Prussia. Four of the old German States, 

 Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort, 

 as well as the Duchies of Schleswig and Hoi- 

 stein, were entirely incorporated with Prussia, 

 whose population thus rose from nineteen mil- 

 lions to twenty-three millions live hundred 

 thousand, while the whole of the North Ger- 

 man Confederation counts only twenty-nine 

 millions. Austria was altogether excluded from 

 the new confederation, and so were Bavaria, 

 "Wurtemberg, Baden, Lichtenstein, and a part 

 of Hesse-Darmstadt. Bavaria, Wurtemberg, 

 Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt, which together 

 have a population of about eight millions, were 

 at liberty to form a South German Confedera- 

 tion, but none of those governments found it ex- 

 pedient to make any advances in this direction, 

 and that of Baden even expressed a wish to be 

 admitted as soon as possible into the North 

 German Confederation a wish which was 

 supported by nearly all the members of the 

 Legislature. (See GERMANY.) 



The treaty concluded between Austria and 

 Italy gave to the latter power the long-coveted 

 Venetia, thus reducing the population of Aus- 

 tria from thirty-five millions to thirty-two mil- 

 lions five hundred thousand, and increasing that 

 of Italy from twenty-two millions to twenty-four 

 millions five hundred thousand. The annexation 

 was made dependent upon the popular vote, 

 which, as everybody expected, resulted in an 

 almost unanimous decision in favor of that 

 measure. Thus the unity of the Italian nation 

 has become nearly complete; only the Papal 

 dominions, the southern districts of the Tyrol, 

 with a small portion of Istria, and the Island 

 of Corsica remaining for the present discon- 

 nected from the main trunk of the nation. The 

 most important of these disconnected fragments, 

 the Papal States were, in December, 1866, evac- 

 uated by the French troops, in accordance with 

 the stipulations of the Franco-Italian conven- 

 tion concluded in 1864. Negotiations were re- 

 sumed, after the evacuation, between the Pope 

 and the Government of Italy. (See ITALY and 

 PAPAL STATES.) 



Besides the great German-Italian war, sev- 

 eral other wars disturbed the public peace 

 of Europe. At the beginning of the year an 

 insurrection broke out in Spain, headed by 

 General Prim, but the Government succeeded 

 in quelling it before it had become general. 

 (See SPAIN.) In Turkey, the inhabitants of 

 the island of Candia, a large majority of 

 whom are Christians, rose against Moham- 

 medan rule, and an assembly of representa- 

 tives decreed the annexation of the island to 

 Greece. Great sympathy with the movement 

 was manifested in Greece, in Russia, and in the 

 Christian provinces of Turkey; but as the 

 insurgents received little material aid from 

 abroad, the object of the insurrection had at the 

 3lose of the year not been achieved. Insur- 

 rectionary movements and symptom? were, 

 however, manifesting themselves in most of the 



Christian provinces of Turkey and threatening 

 new troubles for 1867. (See CANDIA and TUB- 

 KEY.) Ireland, in the latter months of the year, 

 was greatly agitated by the Fenian movement. 

 The statesmen and papers of England were com- 

 pelled to admit that the immense 'majority of 

 Irishmen are in sympathy with it, and that 

 nothing but force prevented the success of the 

 Fenians. No serious outbreak occurred, but, on 

 the other hand, no progress was made toward 

 a lasting pacification of the discontented island. 



The result of the German-Italian war was the 

 complete success of the nationality principle, as 

 far as Italy is concerned; and, therefore, gave a 

 powerful impulse to the nationality movements 

 in every country. The most important scene 

 of this movement will, henceforth, be Germany, 

 where the disconnected elements in South Ger- 

 many and in Austria are yearning for a future 

 reunion of all Germans. The opinion that this 

 can henceforth only be accomplished under the 

 leadership of Prussia, was rapidly gaining ground 

 in the latter months of the year, although the 

 most determined among the opponents of Prus- 

 sia endeavored to counteract the advance of 

 those union tendencies by proposing a union 

 with the German cantons of Switzerland. (See 

 GERMANY.) 



Hungary carried its point against Austria, 

 and the Magyar nationality reoccupies a con- 

 spicuous position in Europe. But the success 

 of the Magyars gave at the same time a power- 

 ful impulse to the Pan-Slavic tendencies in 

 Austria and Turkey, which aim at separation 

 from Hungary no less than from Austria and 

 Turkey, and at the establishment of new Slavic 

 empires. (See AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, and TUR- 

 KEY.) Another great victory of the nationality 

 principle was gained in Roumania, to the people 

 of which country the Turkish Government had, 

 with great reluctance, to concede the permanent 

 union of the formerly separated provinces (Wal- 

 lachia and Moldavia) under a prince of the 

 House of Hohenzollern and his descendants. 

 (See ROUMANIA.) 



The conflict betwe.cn the Progressive party 

 which demands a larger share in the admin- 

 istration of States for the representatives of the 

 people and the Conservatives who oppose 

 any further extension of popular rights was 

 carried on in every country of Europe with 

 great animation. In Sweden, the new consti- 

 tution which in 1865, had been adopted by 

 the Estates went into operation, and thus was 

 added another to the number of countries 

 which have a liberal representation of the 

 people. In England, the Liberal ministry was 

 defeated on the reform question, and succeeded 

 by a Tory ministry ; but in consequence of this 

 unexpected defeat in Parliament, the Reform 

 party resumed the agitation among the people 

 with renewed vigor, and called forth the great- 

 est popular demonstrations in favor of reform 

 which England has ever witnessed. A visit of 

 John Bright to Ireland brought on a better un- 

 derstanding between the English Peformers and 



