328 



FRANCE. 



broken up became as decided a Republican. 

 As a Senator he was distinguished for bis practi- 

 cal common sense, conscientious adherence to 

 principle, faithfulness in the discharge of bis 

 duty, and uniform candor and courtesy equally 

 toward those who agreed with him and his op- 

 ponents, while the probity and openness of his 

 character made him especially valuable both as 

 to executive affairs and as an adviser. His 

 private character as well as public career, gave 

 ample evidence of deep and consistent piety. 



FRANCE. An empire in Europe. Emper- 

 or, Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III.), born April 

 20, 1808; chosen hereditary emperor by the 

 plebiscite of November 21 and November 22, 

 1852. Heir apparent, Napol6on Eugene Louis 

 Jean Joseph, born March 16, 1856.* The area 

 of France amounts to 207,232 square miles. The 

 quinquennial census taken in 1866, gives 88,- 

 064,094 as the number of inhabitants, exclusive 

 of 125,000 employed abroad in Algeria, Mexico, 

 etc. This is an increase of 680,933 over the cen- 

 sus of 1861. There are in France 19,014,109 

 males and 19,052,985 females. The females are 

 therefore in a majority of 38,876. In thirty- 

 one of the eighty -nine departments in France 

 there has been a diminution of the number of 

 inhabitants to the extent of 106,459, which is 

 attributed to emigration and migration from the 

 country districts into the large cities. The pop- 

 nlation of Paris amounted, in 1861, to 1,696,141 ; 

 that of the arondissement of St. Denis to 133,- 

 434 ; and that of Sceaux to 122,085. Accord- 

 ing to the census of 1866. these numbers have 

 severally increased to 1,825,274, 178,359, and 

 147,283. Thus, in five years, the population 

 has increased 197,256; the increase in Paris 

 being 129,133; in St. Denis, 42,725; and in 

 Sceaux, 25,398. The increase of population has 

 been greatest in the department of the Seine, 

 and the decrease greatest in the department of 

 La Manche. Algeria, which is divided into the 

 three departments of Algiers, Constantino, and 

 Oran, had a population of 2,999,124 inhabit- 

 ants, of whom, on 31st December, 1864, 235,- 

 670 were Europeans. 



The colonial possessions of France were in- 

 creased in 1866 by the acquisition of Adulis 

 and Obock in Africa; but no official state- 

 ments have yet been published of either area 

 or population of these new possessions.! 



The budget for 1867, as voted by the Senate 

 and Legislative body, was as follows : 



that, owing to the increase of 45,000,000 francs 

 in the revenue arising from indirect taxation, the 

 budget for 1866 will be definitively balanced. 

 Relative to the rectified budget for 1867, the 

 minister estimates the surplus revenue yielded 

 by indirect taxes at ninety millions, and points 

 out other resources. He concludes, therefore, 

 that this budget will also be balanced. Not- 

 withstanding the considerable expenditure ne- 

 cessitated by new armaments and the return 

 to France of the troops from Mexico, it will 

 not be necessary to impose new taxes or to ap- 

 peal to public credit. The minister estimates 

 that the ordinary budget of 1868 will show a 

 surplus of 121,000,000 francs. No credit is 

 demanded in the budget for 1868 in respect of 

 the new organization of the army, the emperor 

 having determined that the necessary expendi- 

 tures should be provided by special bills on the 

 presentation of the rectified budget for 1868. 

 M. Fould states that the State will then be in 

 possession of more than sufficient resources to 

 meet these requirements. 



The total receipts from indirect taxation in 

 France for the year 1866, comprising customs, 

 excise, stamp duties, post-office, government 

 manufactures, etc., amounted to 1,282,268,000 

 francs, showing an increase of 259,734,000 

 francs in 1865. The branches of revenue most 

 productive appear to be registration duties 

 and mortgages, which have yielded 346,- 

 350,000 francs; stamps, 82,318,000 francs; 

 potable liquor, 240,405,000 francs ; and tobacco, 

 242,022,000 francs. With respect to the direct 

 imposts, the total paid into the treasury in 

 1866 amounts to 530,569,000 francs, leaving 

 only 434,000 francs outstanding. The law ex- 

 penses for the same year were in the propor- 

 tion of If. 30c. per thousand francs, which is an 

 increase of two centimes per thousand francs 

 on the year preceding. 



According to the budget of the minister of war, 

 for 1867, the army was composed as follows : 



Probable surplus of receipts over 90,000,000 

 francs. In a financial report published by M. 

 Fould, on December 20th, the minister shows 



* For an account of the French Constitution, see ANNUAL 

 CYCLOPEDIA for 1865. 



t For a full statement of the colonial possessions, see AH- 

 NUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1865. 



On April 1, 1865, the army was distributed 

 as follows : 



