GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN 1880. 



339 



UMTonean Flora; 3. The Flora of tho 

 ^^RXM; 4. 1 -i! Flora; - r >. The 



...II IJegioll, \\liirh lie 



again Mit.divides into the Flora of the dry 

 Moi^ h tin ir lirief rainy season. 



(if tin- moNt Monsoon Climates, and 

 >ra; 6. The Flora of 

 .; 7. The Flora of Somlan; 8. The 

 ilal'iin or South Central Africa; 

 t he Cap.' Lands; 10. The Aus- 

 Ilis third district, the American 

 '.iuded into twelve subdistricts, 

 of the North American Forest 

 .'. Flora of the Prairies; 3. Califor- 

 : 4. Flora of Mexico, which is again 

 subdivided into Flora of the warm moist East- 

 of Mexico, Flora of the Mexican 

 ' inds, Flora of the Western Coast of Mex- 

 ico ; 5. The Flora of the West Indies, subdi- 

 vided into the Flora of the Bahamas and the 

 Eastern Caribbean Islands, and the Flora of the 

 i illos and the Western Caribbean Is- 

 ; C. Flora of South America, North of 

 >r, subdivided into the Flora of the 

 legion of the Northern Coast, and the 

 1 'f the Savannas of Guiana and the Lla- 

 nos of Venezuela ; 7. Flora of Equatorial Bra- 

 8. Flora of Southern Brazil, likewise di- 

 into the Coast Flora and the Flora of the 

 -= ; 9. Flora of the Tropical Andes, includ- 

 iora of the West Side of the Coast range 

 ::o Puna Region, and the Cin- 

 chona He-rum; ]o. Flora of the Pampas; 11. 

 Flora of Chili ; 12. Flora of the Forest Region 

 of the West Coast of the Southern Extremity 

 \ meriea. ] I is last grand district is that of 

 tie Oceanic Island Flora, and comprises the 

 products of the Islands of the Pacific, Atlan- 

 tic, and Indian Oceans, remote from the conti- 

 . which possess a character of similarity 

 u Inch is extraordinary. These divisions and 

 Mibdivisiuii* serve to exhaust the different flora 

 of the earth's surface. Professor Grisebach 

 .panies his es'-.ny with an admirable map, 

 aaentthe different districts and 

 :ricts. The British Board of Trade have 

 iy published a table of the mean average 

 Temperature and specific gravity of the princi- 

 pal oceans and larger seas of the globe. It is 

 as follows : 



The aggregate population of the globe baa 

 been the subject of frequent investigation by 

 geographers, and no two authorities, ( -;im:itin'_' 

 from the data in possession of the sc'u : 

 have ever been able to arrive at the same conclu- 

 sions. The extraordinary discrepancies in their 

 o-timates may well excite surprise. In' 1787 

 Busching stated the population of the earth at 

 1000 millions. This was probably not the re- 

 sult of a careful summing up of the facts then 

 known, but rather a hasty estimate. In 1800, 

 Fabri and Stein estimated it at 900 millions. 

 In 1833, with more abundant data arid greater 

 care, Stein and Horschelmann reduced the ag- 

 gregate to 872,000,000. In 1858, Dieterici, as 

 the result of a detailed investigation, with very 

 full references to the latest censuses of the prin- 

 cipal countries of the world, made the aggre- 

 gate 1,288,000,000 or 416,000,000 more than 

 Stei nand Horschelmann. In 1865, Kolb, with 

 equal care and extended investigation, gave the 

 amount as 1,220,000,000. In Behm's " Geo- 

 graphical Year Book" for 1866, the sum total, 

 after a carefully detailed statement, is given as 

 1,850,000,000. These, according to this author- 

 ity, are distributed as follows : Europe, 285,000,- 

 000; Asia, 798,600,000; Australia and Poly- 

 nesia, 8,850,000; Africa, 188,000,000; Amer- 

 ica, 74,650,000. The disturbing elements in 

 these diverse estimates are the populations of 

 the countries of Eastern Asia, and those of the 

 greater part of Africa. It is easy for authori- 

 ties to differ in these 100 or even 200,000,000. 

 The populations of Europe, America, and Aus- 

 tralasia, are pretty definitely ascertained. 



We turn now to our nsnal detailed survey 

 of the progress of geographical discovery and 

 exploration in the different countries of the 

 world in detail, and as usual commence with 



I. NORTH AMERICA. 1. Arctic America. The 

 publication of Dr. Isaac I. Hayes' narrative of 

 his explorations in I860-'!, in search of Sir 

 John Franklin, though late, throws considerable 

 additional light on the geography of the Polar 

 region. Dr. Hayes is an accurate and skilful 

 observer, and his journal and observations pos- 

 sess a high degree of interest. He not only 

 fully demonstrates the existence of an open 

 polar sea, but his observations, in connection 

 with those of previous explorers, define with 

 considerable accuracy the bounds of it on this 

 continent. Ilis views of the universal integrity, 

 truthfulness, and purity of the Esquimaux char- 

 acter, do not fully coincide with those of Cap- 

 tain Hall. The Esquimaux are men of like 

 passions with other savage nations, and though 

 less revengeful and vindictive than the Indians, 

 are, as a rule, thievish, vain, deceitful, and 

 childish. There are individual exceptions, of 

 course, to these traits, as there are to the general 

 faults of the Indian tribes, but the Esquimaux 

 are by no means perfect, even according to 

 their own standard.' The various projects for 

 North Polar expeditions from England and the 

 continent, to which allusion was made in the 

 ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1865, have not, from 



