378 



GERMANY. 



GIBSON, JOHN. 



claring a wish for the unity of all Germany, and 

 hope that any foreign attack upon German ter- 

 ritory would be resisted by the whole German 

 nation. Wiirtemberg, the report further states, 

 attributes importance to the question of popu- 

 lar liberty, which can only prosper upon a basis 

 reconciling the justified autonomy of the several 

 states with the necessary unity of the national 

 government. The North German Confedera- 

 tion does not offer the necessary guarantees for 

 the enjoyment of civil right and the progress of 

 liberty. Wiirtemberg entertains no hostile sen- 

 timents against Prussia, and is opposed to a 

 permanent separation of Northern and South- 

 ern Germany, but in the present unsettled con- 

 dition of affairs it would be premature to as- 

 sume any definite attitude with regard to 

 Northern Germany. Wiirtemberg is for the pre- 

 sent in favor of a Southern Confederation, or at 

 least in favor of an agreement on the organiza- 

 tion of the army. A resolution, offered by the 

 minority, and demanding the union of the 

 whole of non- Austrian Germany into one fed- 

 eral state, was rejected by 64 against 21 votes. 

 In Baden, the Diet of which country met on 

 October 9th, the Chamber of Deputies adopted 

 by all against 10 votes the report from a legisla- 

 tive committee, recommending to ask the Gov- 

 ernment : 1, to work as much as possible for the 

 entrance of the South German States, and in par- 

 ticular of Baden, into the North German Confed- 

 eration ; 2, to obtain, at the same time a guaran- 

 ty for the interior constitutional condition of the 

 several states ; 3, until the final goal can be at- 

 tained, to work for a union with the North Ger- 

 man Confederation in questions of the army 

 and political economy. An additional propo- 

 sition, declaring the German constitutions and 

 fundamental laws, adopted in 1849, to be the 

 model for the national unity now aimed at, 

 was also adopted by all against nine votes. The 

 president of the ministry declared in favor of 

 the closest possible union with the North Ger- 

 man Confederation. He stated that no proposi- 

 tion for the organization of the South German 

 Confederation had yet been made, but that, if 

 it should be made, the Government would take 

 it into due consideration. 



In the Diet of Hesse-Darmstadt, which met 

 on December 22d, the president of the minis- 

 try, Baron Dalwigk, expressed the hope that 

 Grmany. would awake to a new unity and 

 greatness, which he declared it would be the 

 endeavor of the Government to promote, and 

 lamented the states south of the Main had 

 been excluded from the North German Confed- 

 eration. 



IV. THE OTHER GERMAN STATES. The con- 

 nection of Lirnburg with Germany was totally 

 and finally terminated, the Prussian Government 

 declaring its entire concurrence with the abso- 

 lute separation of the duchy with the States of 

 Germany. With regard to Luxemburg, Prussia 

 claimed the right of garrisoning the fortress of 

 Luxemburg. No definite arrangement as re- 

 gards the relation of Luxemburg to the North 



German Confederation, was arrived at. (As re- 

 gards the German provinces of Austria, see 

 AUSTRIA.) 



GIBBES, ROBERT WILSON, M. D., an historian, 

 paleontologist, and physicist, born in Charleston, 

 S. C., July 8, 1809 ; died in Columbia, S. C., 

 October 15, 1866. He graduated at South 

 Carolina College in 1827", studied medicine, 

 and after his marriage settled in Columbia, 

 where he continued to reside until his death. 

 His tastes and habits were literary and 

 scientific, and he contributed largely to tho 

 medical and scientific journals of the coun- 

 try. His chief scientific researches were 

 directed toward the description of organic 

 remains from his native State, and his memoirs 

 include a " Monograph on the fossil Squalidae 

 of the United States ; " a "Memoir on the fossil 

 genus Basilosaurus," and another on u Mosasau- 

 rus and the three allied new genera, Holocodus, 

 Conosaurus, and Amphorosteus," the. first two 

 published in the journal of the Academy of 

 Sciences of Philadelphia, and the last in tho 

 Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 

 vii., November 1849. He was also the author 

 of important papers on medical subjects, and 

 of a " Documentary History of the American 

 Revolution," in three volumes. For several 

 years he was editor of the " Columbia South 

 Carolinian." He lost severely by the burning of 

 Columbia in the winter of 1865, his fine man- 

 sion, with its valuable collection of paintings, 

 fossil remains, and geological specimens, falling 

 a prey to the flames. 



GIBSON, JOHN, R. A., an eminent English 

 sculptor, born at Conway, North Wales, in 

 1790 ; died at Rome, January 27, 1866. He 

 was of Scottish extraction, and descended from 

 the clan Macgregor, but, owing to political diffi- 

 culties, his grandfather assumed the name of 

 Gibson. When about nine years of age, the 

 subject of this sketch removed to Liverpool 

 with his father, and five years later was ap- 

 prenticed to a cabinet-maker, and subsequently 

 to a carver in wood. His taste and genius for 

 drawing had attracted attention from his child- 

 hood, and when about sixteen years of age, an 

 eminent firm of sculptors, who had observed 

 his artistic talents, purchased the remainder of 

 his time, and gave him every encouragement 

 in the prosecution of his studies. After a short 

 time "a sum of money was subscribed by gentle- 

 men interested in his behalf, defraying the ex- 

 penses of his journey to Rome, and providing 

 for a two years' residence in that metropolis, 

 Here he entered the studio of Canova, then in 

 the height of his fame, and soon earned the 

 reputation of being one of his most able and 

 industrious pupils. Establishing himself in 

 business upon his own account in 1821, he pro- 

 duced his first important work, the group, 

 "Mars and Cupid," which was reproduced in 

 marble, and occupies a prominent position in 

 the collection at Chatsworth. Having a desire 

 to perfect himself more thoroughly in his art, 

 after the death of Canova he studied for a time 



