Ml', TEL, DOM MAIM \ B, 



MILITARY CuM MISSIONS. 511 



specially m the boy was nl ready in jail, 

 and likely to receive dm- punishment by tho 



in' l.i\v. .ludici.il investigation 



tO it. 



As the largest sutleri-r in proportion to thfl 

 numbers on gajred in tin- l>:ittl.- of (Jettysburg, 



. n prompt to furnish her sharo 

 1 tlu- national monument, and has fully 

 r_ro'l tlic assessment made upon her for 

 this purpose. 



waters of Mi. 'lagan abound in most va- . 

 luuble fresh-water fish, the leading varieties 

 U-iM:,' white ti-h, pickerel, siscpwit, trout, bass, 

 herring, and muskallonge. Pickerel and bass, 

 with many smaller varieties, are found in nearly 

 nil the little ponds which dot the surface of the 

 State, and a large quantity in the aggregate is 

 caught for home supply by the people living 

 around them. Of late the catch is diminishing, 

 and legislation has been had to prevent entire 

 destruction through fishing with seines. From 

 the waters which bound the State large quan- 

 tities are taken for the general market. A very 

 eurei'ul estimate of the catch for market during 

 the year is as follows : 



Barrels. 



Lake Erie 400 



Detroit River 3,300 



Lake Huron 14,000 



Straits and around Mackinaw 10,000 



Lake Michigan 6,000 



Lake Superior 1,500 



Total 35,200 



Average value $16 per barrel. Total value 

 $563,200. 



This estimate is confined to that portion of 

 the waters named lying within the State, and it 

 is believed to bo reliable. 



MIGUEL, DOM MARIA EVARISTO, ex-King of 

 Portugal, born at Lisbon, October 26, 1802 ; 

 died in Baden, November 14, 1806. lie was 

 third son of King John VI., and, upon the in- 

 vasion of Portugal by the French when quite 

 younir, emigrated with the royal family to 

 Brazil. His education being altogether ne- 

 glected, ho soon exhibited signs of the worst 

 character, and upon his return to Portugal in 

 1821, was unable to read or write. At the in- 

 stigation of his mother ho placed himself at 

 the head of the clerical and absolutist party. 

 On Juno 2, 1822, he headed an unsuccessful 

 insurrection against his father. He was par- 

 doned, made another insurrectionary attempt 

 in 1822, was again pardoned and oven appointed 

 Generalissimo of the Portuguese army. Soon 

 after the assassination of the most intimate 

 counsellor of the king, the Marquis of Soule, ho 

 started a third insurrection April 80, 1824, im- 

 prisoned the ministers, and expelled his father, 

 who owed the restoration of his rule only to 

 the vigorous interference of the foreign ambas- 

 sadors. Dom Miguel, banished together with 

 his mother, by a decree of May l_tli, withdrew 

 to Paris, and later to Vienna, when he showed 

 ii great admiration of the policy of Metternidi. 

 After the death of King John VI., the legiti- 



mate heir, Dom Pedro, emperor of Brazil, ceded 

 tin- throne of Portugal to his daughter, Maria 

 J,.i (Jloria, whoso hand, together with the title 

 of liegont, ho offered to Dom Miguel. The 

 latter accepted, and, after long hesitation, con- 

 sented to take an oath upon the Constitution. 

 Soon, however, ho dismissed the Cortes and 

 combined to get proclaimed king of Portugal by 

 a part of the constituent Cortes. At the some 

 lime he repudiated the plan of a marriage with 

 his niece, who was prevented from landing and 

 compelled to repair to England. The partisans 

 of Donna Mark were conquered, and only main- 

 tained their power at the Island of Terceira. The 

 brief reign of Dom Miguel was signalized by the 

 grossest abuses, and the army and the finances 

 were in a most deplorable condition. In 1831 

 the cause of Donna Maria again began to gain 

 ground. The French allied themselves with 

 Donna Maria and captured the entire Portu- 

 guese fleet. In 1833 England also declared 

 against Dom Miguel, and General Villaflor cap- 

 tured Lisbon, after a protracted straggle near 

 the capital. Dom Miguel, on May 29, 1834, 

 signed the capitulation of Evora. Being for- 

 ever exiled from the kingdom he went to 

 Genoa, where he issued a protest against tho 

 capitulation wrested from him by force. Ho 

 subsequently repaired to Rome, and afterward 

 took up his abode at Vienna^ and subsequently 

 in the Duchy of Baden, where he remained 

 until his death. 



MILITARY COMMISSIONS. The chief 

 interest attaching to the subject of Military 

 Commissions during the year, was derived from 

 the decisions of the courts upon the legality of 

 their institution, proceedings, and continuance. 



Although it was generally understood that 

 the Supreme Court of the United States had 

 decided, in what were known as the Indiana 

 cases, that tho conviction by a military com- 

 mission in such cases was illegal, still no opin- 

 ion was delivered at that term of the court. 

 The question, however, came up formally before 

 Justice Nelson in the case of James Egan, and 

 was decided as follows: 



NBLSON. J. The petition and return to the writ of 

 habeas corpus issued in this case present the following 

 facts : 



The prisoner is a citizen, and by occupation a far- 

 mer, in the Lexington district of the State of South 

 Carolina, some ighty years of age, and never en- 

 gaged in the military service or connected with tho 

 army of the United States, or of the so-called Con- 

 federate States ; has been arrested and tried before 

 a military commission, in pursuance of orders issued 

 at bead-quarters of the District of Western South 

 Carolina, Columbia, upon a charge of murder, con- 

 victed, and sentenced for life to the Albany Pen- 

 itentiary. 



The specification in the record of the crime is the 



killing of a negro boy, by shooting him, on or about 



h September,'l865. The trial took place on 



the 20th November, and the sentence pronounced on 



the 1st of December following. 



It will be observed that this trial before the mil- 

 itary commission took place some seven months since 

 the termination of hostilities, and the surrender of 

 the rebel army to the authorities of tho United State*; 

 and, further, that the offence is one which, accord- 



