688 



SPAIN. 



SPAEKS, JAEED. 



try asked the Cortes to allow the guaranties 

 afforded by the constitution- to be suspended 

 for a time, in view of the serious aspect of af- 

 fairs. The demand was granted by the Cortes. 

 A large number of the captured insurgents were 

 shot, and the printing-offices of the progres- 

 sist and democratic newspapers closed. 



On July 10th the O'Donnell ministry resigned 

 office, and were succeeded by an ultra Conserv- 

 ative ministry, under the presidency of Marshal 

 JSTarvaez. On August 22d the Spanish frigate 

 Gerona captured off Madeira the English screw- 

 steamer Tornado, for carrying illicit aid to the 

 Peruvians, and sent her to Cadiz. The captain 

 and the crew were treated with great severity, 

 both on their way to Cadiz and after their ar- 

 rival in that city. The case led to negotiations 

 between the English and Spanish Governments, 

 and the law officers of the English Govern- 

 ment expressed the opinion that the Spanish 

 Government had no right to treat the crew as 

 prisoners of war, much less to chain them up ; 

 that the case of the ship should be speedily 

 settled ; and, unless the suspicions of the Spanish 

 Government could be made good, that that Gov- 

 vernment should make an apology, and be 

 called upon for indemnification. 



In December the Eevolutionary Junta at 

 Madrid issued the following proclamation to 

 the Spanish people : 



THE REVOLUTIONARY JUNTA TO ITS FELLOW-CITI- 

 ZENS : Six months have elapsed since the bloody day 

 of June 22d. If at that time the Government had 

 been accessible to a sentiment of dignity, to the in- 

 , stinct of its own preservation, it would have been 

 . frightened, and would have recoiled from the conse- 

 quences of this gloomy day. But this generous and 

 unfortunate demonstration has, on the contrary, 

 kindled the desire of the Government to gratify an 

 old spite, to favor the secret projects of Donna Isa- 

 bella II. and her courtiers. Instead of solacing the 

 popular grief, the Government has deprived the na- 

 tion of its last guaranties. 



Savage courts have led hundreds of victims to 

 sacrifice, and a woman has contemplated passively, 

 and even with complacency, the scaffold which had 

 been erected. 



The Cortes have abjectly sold to the Government 

 the safety of the individual, the civil rights and tne 

 wellbeing of the commonwealth. The Government 

 lias overthrown the press and the rostrum, and has 

 intrusted the administration of the provinces to ra- 

 pacious mandarins and sanguinary generals; mili- 

 tary tribunals have despoiled the rich and transported 

 the poor to Fernando Po and to the Philippines. 



The laws of the Cortes have been replaced by de- 

 crees squandering the resources of the country by 

 means of obscure and ruinous loans, trampling under 

 foot right and virtue, violating homes, property, and 

 family ; and during all this time Isabella II., at 

 Zaranz and Madrid, meditated a plot against Italy, 

 our sister, for the benefit of the Roman curia, partici- 

 pating, meanwhile, in the depredations and violence 

 of the pachas in Cuba, who, tolerating the fraudulent 

 introduction of slaves, are outraging public sentiment 

 both in the Old and the New World, and causing an 

 estrangement between Spain and the great and glo- 

 rious Republic of the United States. 



The captain-general of Madrid ordered the 

 police to institute a vigorous search, in order to 

 discover the authors of the proclamation, and a 

 number of persons were arrested, and sentenced 



to be transported to Fernando Po. On De- 

 cember 30th a royal decree was issued, dis^ 

 solving the Cortes, ordering fresh elections to 

 take place on March 10th, and convoking the 

 new Cortes for the 30th of that month. Several 

 deputies having assembled in the Congress, and 

 drawn up an address to the queen, Seriors Eios 

 Eosas, Salaverria, and a number of others, were 

 arrested and sent out of the country. 



In the war against Chili and Peru the Span- 

 ish Government seemed to be disposed to ac- 

 cept the mediation of France and England, but 

 the conditions consented to by the Spanish 

 Government were rejected by the South Amer- 

 ican republics. 



On March 15th the Spanish Government 

 signed a treaty of peace with the republics of 

 Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, 

 and Costa Eica, in which the independence of 

 these republics was for the first time formally 

 recognized by Spain. 



The German-Italian war caused the Spanish 

 and Portuguese Governments to make an agree- 

 ment to act in common for the defence of their 

 neutrality in the event of a European war. 



SPAEKS, JAEED, LL. D., an American Uni- 

 tarian clergyman, historian, and former presi- 

 dent of Harvard University, born in Wellington, 

 Conn., May 10, 1789; died at Cambridge, 

 Mass., March 14, 1866. In early life he had to 

 contend with straitened circumstances, spend- 

 ing several years in the work of a farm and in 

 mechanical pursuits, and it was not till he had 

 passed the age of boyhood, that he determined 

 upon obtaining a collegiate education. His 

 thirst for learning was encouraged by friends, 

 through whom he was sent to Phillips' Acad- 

 emy, Exeter. Diligently improving his oppor- 

 tunities, he entered Harvard College in 1811, 

 and graduated in the class of 1815, having du- 

 ring his course spent some time teaching, be- 

 sides a few months in the militia service. After 

 studying theology in Cambridge, and holding the 

 office of tutor of mathematics in the college for 

 two years, he was ordained as minister of the 

 Unitarian chureh in Baltimore in 1819. He 

 entered upon the discharge of his new duties 

 with dignity, zeal, and remarkable effect, being 

 alone among the clergymen of that city as the 

 advocate of Unitarian theology. Not long 

 after, he was honored with the appointment of 

 chaplain to Congress. He remained four years 

 at Baltimore, performing, in addition to the 

 common labors of his profession, a large amount 

 of theological and literary labor, in the editor- 

 ship of the Unitarian Miscellany \ and in con- 

 troversial publications, called forth by_ the 

 necessity of maintaining and defending his re- 

 ligious views. In the year following his ordi- 

 nation, he published a volume entitled " Letters 

 on the Ministry, Eitual, and Doctrine of the 

 Protestant Episcopal Church;" and in 1823, 

 "An Inquiry into the Comparative Moral Ten- 

 dency of Trinitarian and Unitarian Doctrines." 

 In 1822, he planned and commenced the publi- 

 cation of " A Collection of Essays and Tracts 



